A Lachman's test requires the clinician to apply an anterior force on the tibia, looking for an end-feel (or resistance created by the ACL). Godfrey's (90-90), posterior drawer and quadriceps active test all test for a rupture, or sprain of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). McMurray's tests for meniscal tear.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are both affected with hyperflexion of the knee, as these two ligaments are located deep inside the knee capsule, and prevent anterior and posterior sheering forces. If this action occurred with enough force, these structures would be injured. The sedial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) would be injured with a valgus or varus force, both with occur in the coronal plane. The iliotibial band (ITB) and and medial collateral ligament (MCL) would require multiplaner forces in order to be injured. 

Although it is a very new test, the available literature suggests that the lever sign has superior diagnostic value to the Lachman, pivot-shit, and anterior drawer tests, to detect anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Additionally, the preliminary evidence suggests that the lever sign has high diagnostic value for both acute and chronic ACL injuries. 

Oxidative phosphorylation generates roughly 6.3 high energy phosphates (ATP) per unit of oxygen (O2).

It is also important to note that ATP generation occurs anaerobically via lactic acid production, with the ratio being 1.5 high energy phosphates (ATP) per unit of lactate. But this is not the correct answer in this context.

Calor—or redness—is associated with increased blood flow, which can result from inflammation. During an inflammation response, histamine release results in vasodilation and increased bloodflow, which can cause the infalmmed area to appear red.

Opportunistic microbiota can form biofilms and affect patients who are immunocompromised, suchs as someone with AIDS or a chronic illness.

Resident microbiota are always present in the body and frequently have mutualistic relationships with their human hosts. Transient microbiota are present at some times, but absent at others. Pathogens affect healthy individuals, as well as those who may be immunocompromised.

Mast cells are perhaps the best-known producers of histamine. Basophils also release histamine and contribute to the inflammatory response, while platelets are also capable of releasing histamine. Neutrophils are best-known for their phagocytic properties, and do not produce histamine.

There are two primary types of pressure: hydrostatic pressure is the result of fluid volume pressing on a physical boundary, while oncotic pressure is the pulling force of protein concentrations causing watter diffuse across a membrane. During an inflammation response, fluid is allowed to leak out of arterioles and capillaries resulting in increased hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium. Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitium.

All the other answers cause fluid to return to the vessel, rather than exit it.

NSAIDs inhibit COX-1, inhibiting the formation of prostanglandins.

Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause that leads to inflammation. The immune cells that cause inflammation do not dissipate and instead, create clusters called granulomas. Not all cases of sarcoidosis require treatment.