AP Calculus AB : Concept of the Derivative

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Calculus AB

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Example Questions

Example Question #112 : Ap Calculus Ab

The function \(\displaystyle f(x)\) is differentiable at the point \(\displaystyle (a, f(a))\). List which of the following statements must be true about \(\displaystyle f(x)\):  

 

1)   The limit   \(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a}\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}\)  exists. 

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2)   \(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a^{-}}f(x)=\lim_{x->a^{+}}f(x)\)

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3)   \(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a}\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}=f(a)\)

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4)   \(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a}f(x)=f(a)\)

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5)   \(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a}f(x)=\lim_{x->a}\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}\)

 

 

 

Possible Answers:

1, and 5

1, 2, and 4 

1,3,4,and 5

1, 3, and 5

All must be true. 

Correct answer:

1, 2, and 4 

Explanation:

1) If a function is differentiable, then by definition of differentiability the limit defined by, 

\(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a}\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}\)  

exists. Therefore (1) is required by definition of differentiability. _______________________________________________________________

2) If a function is differentiable at a point then it must also be continuous at that point. (This is not conversely true).

For a function to be continuous at a point \(\displaystyle (a,f(a))\) we must have: 

 

\(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a^-}f(x)=\lim_{x->a^+}f(x)=\lim_{x->a}f(x)=f(a)\)

Therefore (2) and (4) are required. 

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3) 

                                 \(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a}\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}=f(a)\)

This is not required, the left side of the equation is the definition of a derivative at a point \(\displaystyle (a,f(a))\) for a function \(\displaystyle f(x)\). The derivative at a point does not have to equal to the function value \(\displaystyle f(a)\) at that point, it is equal to the slope \(\displaystyle f'(a)\) at that point. Therefore 3 does not have to be true. 

 

However, we can note that it is possible for a function and its' derivative to be equal for a given point. Sine and cosine, for instance will intersect periodically. Another example would be the exponential function \(\displaystyle e^x\) which has itself as its' derivative \(\displaystyle e^x\)

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 4) See 2

\(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a}f(x)=f(a)\)

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5) 

 

\(\displaystyle \lim_{x->a}f(x)=\lim_{x->a}\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}\)

Again, the function does not have to approach the same limit as its' derivative. It is possible for a function to behave in this manner, such as in the case of sine and its' derivative cosine, which will both have the same limit at points where they intersect.  

 

Example Question #113 : Ap Calculus Ab

When the limit \(\displaystyle \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(2+h)-f(2)}{h}\) fails to exist,

Possible Answers:

The function \(\displaystyle f(x)\) is not differentiable at \(\displaystyle x=2\).

The function \(\displaystyle f(x)\) is not defined at \(\displaystyle x=2\).

The function \(\displaystyle f(x)\) is not continuous at \(\displaystyle x=2\).

None of the above necessarily

Correct answer:

The function \(\displaystyle f(x)\) is not differentiable at \(\displaystyle x=2\).

Explanation:

By definition of differentiability, \(\displaystyle \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(2+h)-f(2)}{h} = f'(2)\) when the limit exists. When \(\displaystyle f'(2)\) exists, we say the function is 'differentiable at \(\displaystyle x=2\)'.

Example Question #114 : Ap Calculus Ab

Which of the following functions is differentiable at \(\displaystyle x=1\),  but not continuous there?

Possible Answers:

\(\displaystyle |x+1|\)

\(\displaystyle \ln x\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}\)

\(\displaystyle e^x\)

They are all differentiable and continuous at \(\displaystyle x=1\)

Correct answer:

They are all differentiable and continuous at \(\displaystyle x=1\)

Explanation:

All of the functions are differentiable at \(\displaystyle x=1\). If you examine the graph of each of the functions, they are all defined at \(\displaystyle x=1\), and do not have a corner, cusp, or a jump there; they are all smooth and connected (Not necessarily everywhere, just at \(\displaystyle x=1\)). Additionally it is not possible to have a function that is differentiable at a point, but not continuous at that same point; differentiablity implies continuity.

Example Question #115 : Ap Calculus Ab

For which of the following functions does a limit exist at \(\displaystyle x=4\), but not a y-value?

Possible Answers:

\(\displaystyle \frac{x^2+x-20}{2x^2+10x-72}\)

\(\displaystyle f(x) = \begin{cases} x^2-2x & \text{ if } x< 4\\ 3x-5 & \text{ if } x\geq 4 \end{cases}\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{x^4-5}{x^2+x-20}\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{3x}{16}-\frac{12}{x^2}\)

\(\displaystyle \left | x^3+x^2-20x\right |\)

Correct answer:

\(\displaystyle \frac{x^2+x-20}{2x^2+10x-72}\)

Explanation:

To answer the question, we must find an equation which satisfies two criteria:

(1) it must have limits on either side of \(\displaystyle x=4\) that approach the same value and (2) it must have a hole at \(\displaystyle x=4\).

 

Each of the possible answers provide situations which demonstrate each combination of (1) and (2). That is to say, some of the equations include both a limit and a y-value at \(\displaystyle x=4\)neither, or,in the case of the piecewise function, a y-value and a limit that does not exist. 

 

In the function, \(\displaystyle \frac{x^2+x-20}{2x^2+10x-72}\), the numerator factors to \(\displaystyle (x+5)(x-4)\) 

 

while the denominator factors to \(\displaystyle 2(x+9)(x-4)\). As a result, the graph of this

function resembles that for \(\displaystyle \frac{x+5}{2(x+9)}\), but with a hole at \(\displaystyle x=4\). Therefore, the limit

 

at \(\displaystyle x=4\) exists, even though the y-value is undefined at \(\displaystyle x=4\).

Example Question #11 : Derivatives

What is the derivative of \(\displaystyle x^2+5x\)?

Possible Answers:

\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}x^3+\frac{5}{2}x^2+c\)

\(\displaystyle 7\)

\(\displaystyle 2x+5\)

\(\displaystyle x^2\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}x+5\)

Correct answer:

\(\displaystyle 2x+5\)

Explanation:

To solve this problem, we can use the power rule. That means we lower the exponent of the variable by one and multiply the variable by that original exponent.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(x^2+5x)=(2*x^{2-1})+(1*5x^{1-0})\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(x^2+5x)=2x+5x^0\)

Remember that anything to the zero power is one.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(x^2+5x)=2x+5*1\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(x^2+5x)=2x+5\)

Example Question #5 : General Derivatives And Rules

What is the derivative of \(\displaystyle 5x+8\)?

Possible Answers:

\(\displaystyle 0\)

\(\displaystyle 13\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{5}{2}x^2+8x\)

\(\displaystyle 5x^2+8x+c\)

\(\displaystyle 5\)

Correct answer:

\(\displaystyle 5\)

Explanation:

To solve this problem, we can use the power rule. That means we lower the exponent of the variable by one and multiply the variable by that original exponent.

We're going to treat \(\displaystyle 8\) as \(\displaystyle 8x^0\), as anything to the zero power is one.

That means this problem will look like this:

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(5x+8)=(5*x^{1-1})+(0*8x^{0-1})\)

Notice that \(\displaystyle (0*8x^{0-1})=0\), as anything times zero is zero.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(5x+8)=(5*x^{1-1})\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(5x+8)=(5*x^{0})\)

Remember, anything to the zero power is one.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(5x+8)=5*1\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(5x+8)=5\)

Example Question #3 : Finding Derivative Of A Function

What is the derivative of \(\displaystyle 2x\)?

Possible Answers:

\(\displaystyle x\)

\(\displaystyle 2+c\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}x\)

\(\displaystyle 2\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}x^3+c\)

Correct answer:

\(\displaystyle 2\)

Explanation:

To get \(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(2x)\), we can use the power rule.

Since the exponent of the \(\displaystyle x\) is \(\displaystyle 1\), as \(\displaystyle 2x=2x^1\), we lower the exponent by one and then multiply the coefficient by that original exponent:

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(2x)=1*2x^{1-1}\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(2x)=2x^{0}\)

Anything to the \(\displaystyle 0\) power is \(\displaystyle 1\).

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(2x)=2*1\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(2x)=2\)

Example Question #1 : Finding Derivative Of A Function

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(6x^2+8)=?\)

Possible Answers:

\(\displaystyle 20x\)

\(\displaystyle 8\)

\(\displaystyle 0\)

\(\displaystyle 12x\)

\(\displaystyle 3x\)

Correct answer:

\(\displaystyle 12x\)

Explanation:

To solve this equation, we can use the power rule. To use the power rule, we lower the exponent on the variable and multiply by that exponent.

We're going to treat \(\displaystyle 8\) as \(\displaystyle 8x^0\) since anything to the zero power is one.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(6x^2+8)=(2*6x^{2-1})+(0*8x^{0-1})\)

Notice that \(\displaystyle 0*8x^{0-1}=0\) since anything times zero is zero.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(6x^2+8)=(2*6x^{2-1})\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(6x^2+8)=(2*6x^{1})\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(6x^2+8)=12x\)

Example Question #2 : Concept Of The Derivative

What is the derivative of \(\displaystyle x+1\)?

Possible Answers:

\(\displaystyle 2x\)

\(\displaystyle 0\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}x^2\)

\(\displaystyle 1\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}\)

Correct answer:

\(\displaystyle 1\)

Explanation:

To solve this equation, we can use the power rule. To use the power rule, we lower the exponent on the variable and multiply by that exponent.

We're going to treat \(\displaystyle 1\) as \(\displaystyle 1x^0\) since anything to the zero power is one.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(x+1)=(1*x^{1-1})+(0*x^{0-1})\)

Notice that \(\displaystyle (0*x^{0-1})=0\) since anything times zero is zero.

That leaves us with \(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(x+1)=(1*x^{1-1})\).

Simplify.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(x+1)=(1*x^{1-1})\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(x+1)=(x^{0})\)

As stated earlier, anything to the zero power is one, leaving us with:

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(x+1)=1\)

Example Question #1 : Concept Of The Derivative

What is the derivative of \(\displaystyle 12x^2+13x+4\)?

Possible Answers:

\(\displaystyle 24\)

\(\displaystyle 24x+13\)

\(\displaystyle 2x+1\)

\(\displaystyle 24x+1\)

\(\displaystyle 6x^2+13\)

Correct answer:

\(\displaystyle 24x+13\)

Explanation:

To solve this equation, we can use the power rule. To use the power rule, we lower the exponent on the variable and multiply by that exponent.

We're going to treat \(\displaystyle 4\) as \(\displaystyle 4x^0\) since anything to the zero power is one.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(12x^2+13x+4)=(2*12x^{2-1})+(1*13x^{1-1})+(0*4x^{0-1})\)

Notice that \(\displaystyle (0*4x^{0-1})=0\) since anything times zero is zero.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(12x^2+13x+4)=(2*12x^{2-1})+(1*13x^{1-1})\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(12x^2+13x+4)=(2*12x^{1})+(1*13x^{0})\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(12x^2+13x+4)=(24x^{1})+(13x^{0})\)

Just like it was mentioned earlier, anything to the zero power is one.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(12x^2+13x+4)=(24x)+(13*1)\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} x}(12x^2+13x+4)=24x+13\)

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