Do not overanalyze this sentence but instead pay heed to the most obvious meaning. The implication of the sentence is that the person in question is receiving the price. Therefore, choose the word that simply reflects that act of reception, namely “recipient.” Note that the word is directly related to “receive,” although the “-ceiv-” becomes “-cip-”. The other tempting words “beneficiary” and “heir” imply either advantage or inheritance—more than is needed here. The word “honorarium” is actually a pay given to someone for services that would normally be free.

The key phrase here is “fully designed version.” The sentence implies that the investors wanted to see that an initial (non-full) design would be operational, hopefully indicating that the full version would likewise feasibly operate. Such an “initial” version is a “prototype,” a word literally meaning “a first version.” The prefix “proto-” is found in words like “protocol,” “proton,” and “protoplasm.”

We can infer that because the scientist expected her experiment to yield "relatively uniform" results, that she would be "surprised" if her data was not uniform. So, we need to pick out a noun for the blank that has the connotation of not being uniform. "Constants" cannot be the correct answer then, because a "constant" by definition is "something that stays the same : something that does not change," or "a quantity or number whose value does not change," and we need to pick out a noun referring to something that does involve change(s). "Fluctuations" is the correct answer because a "fluctuation" is "an irregular rising and falling in number or amount; a variation," making it the answer choice which best fits the context of the sentence.

The construction of this sentence implies that the Mongolian Empire is scarcely remembered because of some quality attributable to it. Predictability means happening in an expected way; petulance means ill-temper or sulkiness; transmission means the act of broadcasting something; enforcement means to compel obedience. Of these four possible answer choices predictability is the only word that could possibly fit, brevity is however a much neater fit. Brevity refers to how brief an event is. The briefness of Mongolian hegemony (hegemony means regional dominance) is a logical reason why it would be scarcely remembered today.

From the context of this sentence, you know that whatever aspect of Emperor Frederick I is being described must refer to his ability "to make practical decisions." Of the five answer choices, "pragmatism" is the best option, since it means a practical way of thinking concerned with how to get the best results. As for the other answer choices, "indulgence" means something that gratifies one's desires; "smugness" describes excessive self-satisfaction or arrogance; and "cooperation" refers to the practice of working with someone towards a goal that is mutually beneficial.

Frivolity is the noun version of frivolous, a word you are more likely to have come across. It means self-indulgence or a carefree feeling. This answer makes sense because everyone is celebrating and cheerful. Revolt and guile have darker implications, sensibility is the opposite, and while fantasy could fit, frivolity more specifically matches the first part of the sentence.

The key words here to note are “deceive” and “duplicity.” The implication of the sentence is that although Derrick might not try to be deceptive, he nevertheless is believed to be such. This is implied by the fact that he is considered “duplicitous” which directly means having two sides (or being a “double dealer”), though often meaning “deceitful” (implied in the act of having “two faces”). The best option is “guile,” which means cunning intelligence. Although this is not a direct synonym of “deceitful,” combined with “duplicity,” it functions to capture the sense of someone who is able to work through intelligence to be deceitful.