This sentence indicates that the child needed a reason to do his work. Whenever we do something that helps to give a reason in this way, we offer an "incentive" for that person. An "incentive" is something that encourages us to undertake and complete a given task.

You likely know the word "operation" in its medical meaning. In this sense, an "operation" is a specific kind of task—the sort of thing done by doctors and surgeons. The word can have a more general meaning as well. An "operation" is any particular activity. In this sentence, it is hinted that the visitor was impressed by the overall process of the manufacturing. The word "operation" is the only general term that indicates such a process.

The key expression in the sentence is "every single day." This little phrase indicates that the sentence is discussing a kind of character trait that leads us to do something continuously and devotedly. "Discipline" is just this kind of character trait. 

This sentence is very direct, and you should not overthink what is needed. In order to be well informed, you should gather as much information as is possible. Of course, information is not found among the options provided here. The closest word to this is "data." Technically "media" is pretty close to "data," but data can come in many forms. While "media" is a relatively flexible term, "data" is even more general, so it is the best option among those provided.

Notice in the second half of the sentence that it is said that nobody met the senator upon his arrival. This indicates that he was not given any kind of reception. Although we often talk about "reception" with regard to things like telephone service and internet signal, this word can also mean the kind of taking in that happens when we greet someone—for instance, at a ball like the one described above. From what we can tell in this question, it does not seem that the senator was expecting any kind of praise or tribute. He was just surprised that nobody even noticed and greeted him.

At the end of this sentence, it is said that Peter's parents just were not worried about his performance. They just expected him to do well—or at least it seems so. His excellent work has created a particular expectation on their part. We really can't say that it was a deception or an image. He had done well, and nothing in the sentence indicates that this would not continue. Thus, it is best for us just to say that he created a situation that led them to think he would always do so well. To do this is to create an "expectation."

The main thing that we know about Peter is that he is described as being independent from the arguing parties. This hints that he does not have a particular opinion about the topic. Another word that is a fine synonym for "opinion" is "stance." Perhaps you have heard someone ask, "Where do you stand on this question?" This means, "What is your opinion?" A "stance" is such a "standing"—i.e. such a holding of an opinion.

"Rage" is defined as violent, uncontrollable anger.  The sentence mentions the girl's anger, and therefore "rage" is the correct answer choice.

We know that our subject plays chess and draws in his free time, so we should pick out an answer choice that describes the nature of these activities. Since "recreation" means "activity done for enjoyment when one is not working," "recreation" best fits the context of the sentence and is the correct answer.

Since Heidi was parched at the end of the hike, this indicates that she drank too little on the hike.  During the hike, she tried to quench or satisfy her thirst, but she could not with the amount of water she brought with her.