Waterloo is where Napoleon suffered his greatest defeat, which ultimately led to his removal from power and his exile to St. Helena.

The Sino-Japanese War was fought between China and Japan from 1894 - 1895. It was primarily fought for control over the Korean peninsula and ended in absolute victory for the Japanese after the Qing government sued for peace. It can be considered a prelude to the subsequent invasion of mainland China by the Japanese a few decades later.

The Seven Years' War (often called the French-Indian War in America) was fought between Britain and France from 1756-1763. It led to the emergence of Britain as the most powerful empire in the world, as British took French and Spanish territories in the New World and in India. 

The Crimean War was fought between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire. It was fought from 1853 to 1856 and ended with the defeat of the Russian forces. It might be understood as a geopolitical consequence of the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

The First Opium War ended in victory for the British and humiliating defeat for the Chinese. Britain took control over the port of Hong Kong and gained access to more of China’s markets. It also led to the growth of nationalism in China, as foreign interference continued to grow in the country. However, the Treaty of Nanjing did not prohibit the British from selling opium to Chinese citizens, this practice continued unabated.

The Taiping Rebellion was a peasant revolt in nineteenth-century China, it was also the bloodiest conflict of the nineteenth century and the bloodiest civil war in human history. The war was fought between the ruling Qing Dynasty and a coalition of, mostly peasant, rebels who fought under the banner of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace. It is worth noting that many of the rebels were fighting for their belief in Christianity. The Rebellion ended in defeat for the rebel forces, but also led to the weakening of the Qing Dynasty.

The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763 and brought to an end the hostilities of the Seven Years’ War (French-Indian War). All of the above answer choices were part of the terms of the treaty except for Britain gaining control of Manila from Spain. Spain would remain in control of Manila and the Philippines until defeated by the United States in the Spanish-American War of 1898.

The Treaty of Shimonoseku was signed in 1895 and brought to an end the hostilities of the Sino-Japanese War. It was an unequal treaty designed by the victorious Japanese to be in their best interests. Amongst other things it led to Japanese control over Korea and Taiwan.

The Crimean War (1853-1856) was fought between Russia and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia. Russia was defeated, in part due to the other powers using technologies such as naval shells, railways and telegraphs for the first time in a large-scale conflict. While the Russo-Japanese war also demonstrated Russian weakness and the effects of Japanese industrialization in imitation of the West, it was not fought against a Western power.

Ethiopia successfully defended its sovereignty against Italian invasion in the First Italo-Ethiopian war from 1895-1896. The Battle of Adwa was a decisive victory for Ethiopia.