The Mamluk Sultanate was an independent state in Egypt and the Levant from the mid-thirteenth century until the early-sixteenth century. It was conquered by the growing Ottoman Empire in 1517.

The Kingdom of Kongo, in Central Africa, served as a battleground between the Portuguese and the Dutch in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Kongolese also engaged in military conflicts with the Portuguese themselves on numerous occasions, including the notable Kongo-Portuguese War of the 1620s.

The correct answer is "all of these answers". Mercenary armies were based upon strictly contractual relationships and therefore rebellions, foot-dragging, and looting of the domestic population was common when pay was slow or too low. The expansion of rural industries also reduced the supply of available labor for mercenary armies and made them relatively more difficult to maintain. 

The Thirty Years' War culminated in the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, which is the foundational element of the modern system of sovereign states and boundaries between nations. 

On May 29th, 1453, after a brutally prolonged siege, the forces of the Ottoman Empire succeeded in capturing the city of Constantinople, the glittering capital of the Byzantine Empire. In truth, Byzantium had been undergoing a gradual decline for decades, with this weakness mostly manifesting itself through the unresolved loss of fringe territories, cumulative economic bankruptcies, and tumultuous civil wars. In the meantime, the burgeoning Ottoman Empire had been growing ever more powerful and desirous of expansion – and the prosperous and historic city of Constantinople seemed the ideal acquisition.

While not an official slogan the slogan most commonly associated with the purpose behind the American Revolution is no taxation without representation. This highlights the Colonists desire to not be taxed without an elected official representing their interests in Parliament.

In retaliation to the British changing laws to make the American Colonists buy a higher percentage of their goods from Britain by restricting foreign ships from colonial ports, the Sons of Liberty staged the Boston Tea Party. The Seven Years’ War was a European conflict that took place from 1754-1763; the major combatants were France and Britain. The Battle of Waterloo was a major battle that occurred in 1815.

After the Bastille was stormed the lack of a true government led to what was called the Reign of Terror, where political conflict between competing groups caused massive bloodshed. "Sans Culottes" was a slang term for lower-class individuals who joined the radical cause as active, militant members. The "Women’s March" otherwise known as the October March occurred several months after the storming of the Bastille (in October 1789). The "Great Fear" refers to a general panic and rural unrest that occurred in the early days of the French Revolution.

The French Revolution did, temporarily, remove the Kings of France from power, but absolutism remained the predominant government in Europe. In reaction to the French Revolution these absolutist governments often declared martial law to keep revolutionaries in line. The new French Government also heavily pushed enlightenment ideal upon the nation and encouraged extreme nationalism.

In 1789 the women of Paris began a march to Versailles to complain about the poverty and lack of food that ravaged the city. It became a mob by the time they reached Versailles and they arrested Louis XVI.