Although Neville Chamberlain was the leader of Great Britain at the beginning of World War II, Winston Churchill soon took over the post after Chamberlain's resignation.

The United States created the Marshall Plan after World War II, as an economic strategy to help European countries be less vulnerable to the Soviet attempts to invade them after World War II.

The Saud and Hashemite families struggled for control of the Arabian peninsula for centuries. In the early 1900s, the Sauds were able to overthrow and exile the Hashemites.

The British, who had been close allies of both the Sauds and Hashemites, placed Hashemite kings on the thrones of ex-British protectorates Jordan and Iraq.

The Hashemites never lost their tribal identity, even if they lost their ancestral homeland.

Although the Hashemite king of Iraq was eventually overthrown, to this day the King of Jordan is a Hashemite.

The German "Hunger Plan" was a plot to starve the population of the Soviet Union so that they could be replaced by ethnic Germans.

Jews and Roma in both Germany and the Soviet Union were specifically targeted by the Nazi regime, but the Hunger Plan targeted the entirety of the Soviet population with the exception of certain ethnic Germans already living in the area.

The Third Reich never attempted to starve the Arab populations in North Africa.

By the time that the Allies had a successful blockade of Nazi Germany, Italy had already surrendered, and Japan was too far away to ever coordinate with Germany.

The beginning of World War I pitted Britain, France, and Russia, against the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Germany.

Neither Turkey nor the Soviet Union existed at the beginning of the 1st World War.

Prussia was not independent during the 1st World War, it had been subsumed by a unified Germany in the 19th century.

The United States did send a large force to fight in the 1st World War, but only in 1917, years after it began.

Italy, Portugal, Japan, Serbia, Montenegro, and Australia were all involved in the 1st World War, but due to the small amount of their troops involved, the minuscule number of battles they fought, and the fact that the Australians especially fought under the auspices of Great Britain, none of those countries were the main powers involved in the war.

The International Brigades were soldiers from various countries who fought on the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War.

The International Brigades fought against the Falangists, who were aided by Italian and German fascists.

The International Brigades did not fight for the Americans during the First World War, the French during the 2nd, or the British during the Falklands war.

The 1905 Russo-Japanese War was fought by the Russian and Japanese Empires over which country should have influence in both the Chinese territory of Manchuria and Korea. Japan and Russia were one of several Great Powers who took advantages of weaknesses in the Chinese and Korean governments to carve out spheres of influence in the two countries. Japan's victory in the war cemented its status as a Great Power in East Asia. It also helped to cause the Russian Revolution of 1905 which limited the powers of Czar Nicholas II. 

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Russia and Austria-Hungary had a heated rivalry over which country should be the predominant power in the Balkan peninsula. The Russian Czars saw themselves as the protectors of the Eastern Orthodox Christians who made up most of the population of the Balkans. When a Serbian nationalist assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne in 1914, Russia supported Serbia when Austria-Hungary declared war on the small country. These actions helped to trigger the series of alliances between the Great Powers and led to the outbreak of the First World War.

The 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty between Germany and Soviet Russia that ended Russia's involvement in World War I. Soviet Russia was forced to cede huge tracts of its pre-war western territories as part of the treaty. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was repudiated after Germany surrendered to the Western Allies in November 1918, but most of the territories, such as Poland, that Russia surrendered remained independent after World War I.   

The Marshall Plan, which was presented in 1947 in the aftermath of World War II, sought to reshape and rebuild much of Europe. As the United States had emerged form World War II as a global and economic superpower and was largely unfazed economically at home it was in a strong position to invest in and help rebuild Europe. It also sought to thwart communism in Europe and succeeded in turning France, the UK, and Germany into strong United States' allies.