Mark Antony was Julius Caesar's political protege, Cleopatra was his ally and lover, and Octavian was his lieutenant and cousin.

Aristotle, Phillip of Macedon, and Alexander the Great all lived centuries earlier than Caesar.

Marcus Aurelius was an emperor who lived during the Pax Romana and is considered one of the most beneficent emperors in human history because he fought few wars, did not expand the empire at the cost of millions of lives, and attempted to outlaw gladiatorial fights to the death; he is also well studied because his personal diary, "The Meditations" is largely intact, and he has been portrayed by various actors in major Hollywood movies. Commodus was his son.

Spartacus was a slave who led a revolt against Rome and was only defeated when his army attempted to fight a pitched battle, a kind of fight the Romans excelled at.

Trajan and Hadrian were other famous emperors of Rome. Trajan is often considered a beneficent emperor who oversaw rising living standards, fought few wars, and did not expand the empire's borders at the cost of millions of lives. Hadrian is famous for building a large wall in England to attempt to stop invasions of Britons who did not submit to Roman authority.

At the battle of Cynoscephalae, Rome's army defeated a Macedonian force by using war elephants.

The Roman army never used firearms nor observation balloons.

The Roman maniples did use throwing spears, called pilum, that were designed to break after initial contact so they couldn't be thrown back at the Romans.

Crassus, one of the richest men in Roman history, had little battlefield experience. He needed victories, rather than money, to assure he could contest Julius Caesar and Pompey for the rule of Rome. His invasion of Parthia ended in disaster, and he was killed.

The Romans never fought against the Mongols or the Zulu.

While the Romans did fight many battles against the Greeks and Carthaginians, Crassus wasn't involved, and certainly didn't die in any of them.

The Warring States Period (475 - 221 B.C.E.) was an era of Chinese history known for constant civil war and conflict between various Chinese kingdoms. It ended in 221 B.C.E. with the victory of the Qin and the establishment of the brief, but important, Qin Dynasty under Qin Shi Huangdi. 

Herodotus is one of the earliest and most famous western historians. He lived in the fifth century B.C.E. and wrote extensively on the wars between Persia and Greece.

After an appeal by Segesta for help against Syracuse, Athenian sent an military expedition to Sicily. Although the expedition had some initial successes, it quickly unraveled and became one of Athens' worst defeats of the Peloponnesian War. The expedition became stranded on the island and eventually was entirely lost to Athens.

After the Syracusans slow start, Sparta sent Gylippus to the city, kickstarting the war effort.  While Lysander headed the conflict in Greece, Gylippus completely took over Syracuse's war effort and turned the tide of the conflict. Athens' failure to take the city was a disastrous defeat that changed the course of the war.

Lysander won the Battle of Aegospotami, forcing the Athenians to finally admit defeat. Lysander was the admiral of the Spartan fleet, built up over the course of the Peloponnesian conflict, eventually overwhelmed the traditionally stronger Athenian navy. While other Spartans, such as Brasidas and Gylippus, were pivotal to the Spartan war effort, it was Lysander who broke the Athenians.

During a war between Megara and Corinth, Athens forged an alliance with Megara, which was formerly a Spartan ally. This caused Sparta to enter on the Corinthian side, officially starting the Peloponnesian War. Aegina, Lesbos and Samos were other Greek powers that participated in the conflict.

The Athenian defeat resulted in the end of Argos and its Argive League, giving Sparta a renewed control over the Peloponnese. Argos had been one of Athens' most powerful allies, and arguably the second-most powerful city on the Peloponnesian Peninsula. Its defeat was a major blow to the Delian League and the Athenian war effort.