Launched by the Shah of Iran in 1963, the White Revolution was intended to rid the country of suspected communists, whom the Shah blamed for his massive unpopularity among the Iranian population. In practice, the White Revolution consisted of several reforms (including the expansion of women’s education, a decrease in state-owned corporations, and land redistribution). The Shah hoped that these measures would increase his popularity among Iran’s poor, working, and middle classes, while at the same time undermining the intellectuals and wealthy individuals who disagreed with many of his governing policies. However, the Shah’s White Revolution had precisely the opposite consequences from those he’d intended. In fact, many Iranians objected to the Shah’s changes, which they saw as being pro-Western and too anti-traditionalist in nature. The widespread disapproval of the White Revolution would play a significant factor in the later overthrow of the Shah during the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

Perestroika, which literally translates to 'restructuring' in Russian, was the policy of wide-ranging internal reforms within Soviet society under Mikhail Gorbachev and included both political and economic reforms. 

Once member of the First Triumvirate, and husband to Julius Caesar's daughter Julia, Pompey decided to ally with the Senate to oppose Caesar, leading to civil war. Pompey was ultimately defeated and the rebellion quelled, but Julius Caesar was still assassinated by senators loyal to the Republic.

Octavian, Julius Caesar's adopted nephew, would become Caesar Augustus. Under his leadership, he sought to make imperator an office and a title, effectively rendering the senate impotent and changing the republic into an empire. While all of the people mentioned in the answer options were involved in the assassination, only Octavian became imperator.

Roman military success was driven by the organization of the military. Organized into legions, Roman soldiers fought primarily as heavy infantry, were highly disciplined, and were able to fight effectively through a variety of terrain using tactically flexible formations.

Sparta was a society based around rigid military life. All young people trained to be in the army and as a result they were one of the strongest armies of the age. While Athens, Thebes, Argos, and Cyprus were all major players in Ancient Greece, Sparta is widely accepted as the most militant.

When Alexander the Great emerged victorious at the Battle of Gaugamela, the Persian emperor Darius fled the field and was slain by a bodyguard soon after.

Alexander the Great never invaded China, and Pu-Yi was an emperor who lived in the 20th century, long after Alexander's reign. 

Persian culture survived Alexander's invasion, and was even adopted by Alexander himself.

After Persia, Alexander continued through Asia; going as far as modern day Pakistan.

The Hellenic League's support of Alexander remained strong until his invasion of the Indian subcontinent.

The Mandate of Heaven justified the divine right of emperors to rule, but it also required certain responsibilities. If a sovereign did not fulfill his obligations, he could be overthrown.

The Divine Right of Kings was a concept from Europe that justified a hereditary ruler's right to rule; it made no allowances for rebellion or revolution and it stressed no responsibilities on the part of the sovereign.

The Social Contract is a concept originating in the European Enlightenment that explores the legitimacy of a government's authority of its people.

Noblesse Oblige was a concept that required noble leaders to take on leadership roles in their community.

The Gospel of Wealth is an idea first espoused by the industrialist Andrew Carnegie extolling the virtues of philanthropy as a means of responsible, top-down redistribution.

The Punic Wars were conflicts between Rome and Carthage. Carthage and its exceedingly powerful navy were expanding their empire to the east, as Rome secured the Italian peninsula and began greater expansion via land. In the second Punic War, Hannibal lead the Carthagian army over the alps to confront the Roman forces.

The Warring States Period led to the Establishment of the Qin Dynasty.