Although several options, like “importance” and perhaps even “gravity” are tempting here, the best option is “momentous.” A “momentous” event is one that is important, especially in having implications for the future. Because of the last subordinate clause, this is the best option.

The key thing to note in this sentence is that Ryan did not show respect for others. This does not necessarily mean that he was judgmental or censorious with regard to them. The word “callous” best fits the need in this sentence, for it means that one is insensitive to others or disregards them. It is related to the physical notion of “callus,” in the sense of a hardened piece of skin (like that which one gets from playing the guitar).

The implication in this sentence is that quite a few people at least have abilities in subjects to a decent degree, even if not one that is superlative. When someone has “competency” in something, he or she is said to have an adequate amount of skill, at least enough to be able to do the task. It is indirectly related to words like “compete,” “competitor,” and “petition.” All of these words come from Latin roots meaning “to seek,” (implied by the “-pet-” portion of the word).

The sentence implies that the writing was the best of such work. To be “superlative,” literally means “to be carried over” or (more properly in English usage) “the highest degree (of something).” In grammar, the superlative is the “-est” form of a word (e.g. hottest, nicest, heaviest), meaning “the most . . .” The word itself comes from the prefix “super-”, meaning “over,” and the base “-lat-”, which comes from the Latin for “to carry.” The word “translate,” has this same base, literally meaning “to carry over from one place to another.”

The implication in our sentence is that Paco had become “not cheerful.” While that might lead one to be introverted, or perhaps even reflective, it is most directly opposed by a “dour” temperament. A dour person is strictly speaking stern or severe, though often the word is used to imply a certain gloominess as well. It is in this last sense that it is being used here.

When someone is resolute, he or she is determined and unwavering. In contrast to this, Patricia must be said to be regularly changing. Hence, the best description of her attitude would be that of being “fickle,” which means “frequently changing.”

The contrast here is between “tactile undertakings” and “abstract thoughts.” You must look for something match the “abstract” nature of the thoughts, particularly considering how something abstract could be considered opposed to something “tactile” (i.e. something that can be touched or felt); therefore, while options like “detached,” “distant,” or “removed” might seem appropriate, the best answer is “ethereal” which implies an almost spiritual or incorporeal and intangible distance from earthly—indeed, tangible—things.

The historian is contrasting the “profound and fruitful reality” of the Middle Ages with what he must take to be the less fruitful nature of modernity. The best option is therefore “impoverished,” which implies a loss of “fruitfulness,” “productivity,” or more generally “strength or vitality.” The other options do not directly capture this notion of a loss of vigor.

The contrast here is between being potentially deadly and healthy (or at least “not deadly”). Note, it is not a contrast between “clean and unclean” or “clean and dirty.” The word “innocuous” means “not harmful.” Being derived from the Latin for “harmful,” it is related to English words like “inoculate” and “noxious.” The “in-” prefix here means “not.”

The key thing to note in this sentence is that Todd’s father would rarely deny his requests. Therefore, the best option for the needed word is “lenient,” which means “permissive” or sometimes “forgiving.” Here, it is the first meaning that fits best. The word comes from the Latin for “mild or gentle” and is found in other English words like “leniency” and “lenitude.” (The latter, rather strange, word means “the characteristic of being lenient.” We could speak of “the lenitude of Todd’s father.”).