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Example Questions
Example Question #31 : Musculoskeletal System And Anatomy
What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid?
Extend the neck
Laterally flex the neck
All of these are correct
Accessory respiratory muscle
All of these are correct
The sternocleidomastoid, a long muscle that originates on the manubrium and the clavicle and inserts into the mastoid process, has several functions: when functioning unilaterally, it rotates the head, flexes the neck, and laterally flexes the neck. When functioning bilaterally, this muscle also extends the neck and is an accessory respiratory muscle.
Example Question #1 : Bone Physiology
Calcium is required for all of the following except __________.
All of these require calcium
muscle contraction
blood clotting
nerve conduction
All of these require calcium
Calcium is essential for many processes of the body, including but not limited to nerve conduction, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and bone mineralization.
Example Question #1 : Bone Physiology
Which of the following lists the zones of endochondral ossification in the correct order?
Resting, proliferation, maturation, calcification, ossification
Maturation, proliferation, resting, ossification, calcification
Proliferation, maturation, resting, calcification, ossification
Proliferation, calcification, maturation, ossification, resting
Resting, proliferation, maturation, calcification, ossification
There are five distinct zones in regions of endochondral ossification. These are the resting zone, the zone of proliferation, the zone of maturation, the zone of calcification, and the zone of ossification.
Example Question #43 : Musculoskeletal System And Anatomy
In what zone of endochondral ossification do the chondrocytes typically die off, leaving cavities for colonization by osteoprogenitor cells?
The zone of maturation
The zone of ossification
The zone of proliferation
The resting zone
The zone of calcification
The zone of calcification
The behavior of cells in the zones of endochondral ossification is as follows:
- The resting zone: normal resting chondrocytes within hyaline cartilage
- The zone of proliferation: rapid mitosis of chondrocytes
- The zone of maturation: hypertrophy of chondrocytes
- The zone of calcification: the death of chondrocytes due to lack of nutrients and inability to eliminate cellular wastes
- The zone of ossification: migration of osteoprogenitor cells into the cavities left behind by dead chondrocytes and mineralization of newly formed bone
Example Question #221 : General Biology
Which of the following mineral gives bone it's rigid structure?
Collagen
Phosphate
Hydroxyapatite
Calcium
Hydroxyapatite
The rigid structure of bone is created by hydroxyapatite, a calcium apatite that contains both calcium and phosphate in the formula:Ca5(PO4)3(OH). Both calcium and phosphate are necessary to create bone structure—a deficiency of either will degrade the structural integrity of the bone matrix. Last, collagen is a protein rather than a mineral, and primarily functions to add flexibility to bone in order to prevent fracture.
Example Question #2 : Bone Physiology
Bones are made up of which of the following three tissue types?
Cancellous bone, spongy bone, and and trabecular bone
Cortical bone, cancellous bone, and bone marrow
Compact bone, white marrow, and red marrow
Cancellous bone, fat, and bone marrow
Cortical bone, cancellous bone, and bone marrow
Bones are made up of the following three primary tissue types:
I: Cortical bone, which is the hard exterior layer (also referred to as "compact bone);
II: Cancellous bone, which is the porous bone tissue that fills the center of bones (also referred to as "spongy bone" or "trabecular" bone tissue); and
III: Bone marrow, a hematopoietic tissue that fills spaces in trabecular bone.
Example Question #46 : Musculoskeletal System And Anatomy
Which of the following is the term for the functional unit of compact bone?
Osteon
Trabeculae
Haversian canal
Lamellae
Osteon
The functional unit of compact bone is the osteon. The osteon is formed by concentric layers of compact bone called lamellae. These surround a central canal called the haversian canal. Trabeculae are the functional units of cancellous (spongy) bone.
Example Question #222 : General Biology
Which of the following cells is responsible for depositing hydroxyapatite into bone matrix?
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Myelocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the deposition of hydroxyapatite into bone matrix. In addition to hydroxyapatite, they synthesize collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. Osteocytes are undifferentiated osteoblasts, while osteoclast cells function in opposition to osteoblasts by removal of mineralization from the bony matrix. Myelocytes and normoblasts are both hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow and do not take part in bone mineralization.
Example Question #532 : Nclex
Which of the following is in the haversian canal?
Capillaries and nerves
White bone marrow
Periosteum
Red bone marrow
Capillaries and nerves
The haversian canal allows capillaries and nerves to pass through the cortical bone to nourish osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. Both the white and the red bone marrow are contained within trabecular bone, while the periosteum is a thin, highly innervated membrane on the outside of bone.
Example Question #223 : General Biology
In regards to bone marrow, "red marrow" is primarily made up of ___________ cells, while "yellow marrow" is primarily made up of ___________ cells.
active. . . dormant
erythrocytic. . . leukocytic
proliferating. . . calcified
hematopoietic. . . fat
hematopoietic. . . fat
Variation in color of bone marrow cells is not related to their level of activity, calcification, or the types of blood cells they produce. Rather, "red marrow" is primarily hematopoietic cells (both red and white progenitor cells) while "yellow marrow" is primarily composed of fat cells.