A study done recently showed that several management approaches, in addition to behavioral therapy interventions, may be necessary in preschool-aged children with moderate to severe attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). That is, medication and some alternative therapies may be needed for preschool-aged children with ADHD who do not respond or do not follow behavior therapy. The researchers evaluated disruptive behavior in 74 children four to five years of age who were followed for 24 months. The children were randomized to either behavior therapy plus placebo or behavior therapy plus methylphenidate, and ADHD-related behaviors were compared. Parents reported ADHD symptoms observed at 6, 12, and 24 months. The researchers also noted several signs and symptoms of adverse effects that may have been due to the medication, such as insomnia, anorexia, irritability, and reduced growth and weight gain. The researchers found the children who received behavior therapy plus methylphenidate had significant reductions in ADHD symptoms at all time points compared to children who received behavior therapy plus placebo.

Severity of ADHD was taken into account by presence of symptoms of marked impairment in social functioning. The researchers eliminated the possible role of delays in social development not specific to ADHD by analyzing children whose symptoms of social functioning impairment clearly resulted from inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Specifically, inattention was identified as the child wandering off task that was not due to lack of understanding or disobedience; hyperactivity was identified as excessive talking or fidgeting when not appropriate; and impulsivity was identified as hasty actions without forethought by the child and with significant potential to harm the child. Symptoms affecting the relationship and mental health of the child’s parents were also treated as reflective of severity of ADHD. For example, parents who experienced majorly reduced psychological well-being as a result of their child’s behavior reflected severe ADHD, and from the results, parents of children with severe ADHD who received behavior therapy plus methylphenidate reported a significant reduction in feeling unable to handle stress because of child’s behavior.

One of the researchers also found that use of some alternative therapies may be supported when combined with behavior therapy. In particular, there were decreases in hyperactive behaviors in children who were placed on additive-free diets. This finding may be of particular significance because eliminating artificial food additives may be done without risk of safety and avoids the potential adverse effects of medication.

Which of the following is not a reasonable recommendation to provide for the management of moderate to severe ADHD?

Which of the following behaviors accurately describes a baby's Babinski reflex?

From most basic to most complex, what is the correct order of movement types that occur during human development?

Which of the following would be characteristic of a somatic efferent neuron?

Glia are non-neuronal cells which have specialized functions for supporting neurons. Which of the following is not a glial cell?

Which part of the brain is chiefly responsible for planning and problem solving?

Jimmy and Nate both volunteer at the dog pound. Jimmy loves animals of all kinds and loves the chance to be around dogs. Nate doesn’t particularly like animals, but he needs service hours for a club he is in at school. 

At the end of his experience at the dog pound, Nate has grown to love the feeling of helping dogs. He feels positive about his individual worth. Nate has experienced a change in which of the following?

The idea of the looking-glass self suggests that a person's sense of self results from the perception of others. The sociological theory that best aligns with this idea is which of the following?

A popular stereotype about men from the rural areas of the South is that they have very quick tempers. One theory is that the ancestors of many Southerners came from areas of Europe where fighting was an honorable part of life. A person that believes that his genetics are primarily responsible for his aggressive actions displays which of the following?

Excerpt from "The Social Problems of American Farmers" by Kenyon L. Butterfield, 1905

Butterfield, Kenyon L. "The Social Problems of American Farmers." American Journal of Sociology 10.5 (1905): 606-22.

Perhaps the one great underlying social difficulty among American farmers is their comparatively isolated mode of life. The farmer's family is isolated from other families. A small city of perhaps twenty thousand population will contain from four hundred to six hundred families per square mile, whereas a typical agricultural community in a prosperous agricultural state will hardly average more than ten families per square mile. The farming class is isolated from other classes. Farmers, of course, mingle considerably in a business and political way with the men of their trading town and county seat; but, broadly speaking, farmers do not associate freely with people living under urban conditions and possessing other than the rural point of view. It would be venturesome to suggest very definite generalizations with respect to the precise influence of these conditions, because, so far as the writer is aware, the psychology of isolation has not been worked out. But two or three conclusions seem to be admissible, and for that matter rather generally accepted.

The well-known conservatism of the farming class is doubtless largely due to class isolation. Habits, ideas, traditions, and ideals have long life in the rural community. Changes come slowly. There is a tendency to tread the well-worn paths. The farmer does not easily keep in touch with rapid modern development, unless the movements or methods directly affect him. Physical agencies which improve social conditions, such as electric lights, telephones, and pavements, come to the city first. The atmosphere of the country speaks peace and quiet. Nature's routine of sunshine and storm, of summer and winter, encourages routine and repetition in the man who works with her…

There is time to brood over wrongs, real and imaginary. Personal prejudices often grow to be rank and coarse-fibered. Neighborhood feuds are not uncommon and are often virulent. Leadership is made difficult and sometimes impossible. It is easy to fall into personal habits that may mark off the farmer from other classes of similar intelligence, and that bar him from his rightful social place.

It would, however, be distinctly unfair to the farm community if we did not emphasize some of the advantages that grow out of the rural mode of life. Farmers have time to think, and the typical American farmer is a man who has thought much and often deeply. A spirit of sturdy independence is generated, and freedom of will and of action is encouraged. Family life is nowhere so educative as in the country. The whole family cooperates for common ends, and in its individual members are bred the qualities of industry, patience, and perseverance. The manual work of the schools is but a makeshift for the old-fashioned training of the country-grown boy. Country life is an admirable preparation for the modern industrial and professional career.

According to the author, life on a farm can be extremely based around the family. It is in the family that most children learn morals from their parents. Kohlberg described several stages of moral development. In which of the following stages are most adults found?