MCAT Physical : Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Other Concepts
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Example Questions
Example Question #1 : Half Reactions And Reduction Potential
A student conducts an experiment for a chemistry class. The student wishes to explore power generation from different types of voltaic cells. He sets up three different cells, and then compares the amount of energy generated from each one.
One of his cells is shown below as an example. Both remaining cells follow the same layout.
If there is a net production of copper ions in the half cell on the left as the reaction proceeds, which of the following must be true?
Copper is reduced in the reaction
Silver has a more positive reduction potential than copper
Copper has a more positive reduction potential than silver
There is no net electron flow
Silver is oxidized in the reaction
Silver has a more positive reduction potential than copper
If copper ions are generated as the voltaic cell functions, then the copper is being oxidized, and the silver must be reduced. Reduction and oxidation always occur together in a coupled reaction. This must also mean that the reduction potential for Ag is higher than the reduction potential for Cu.
Example Question #2 : Electrochemistry
A student conducts an experiment for a chemistry class. The student wishes to explore power generation from different types of voltaic cells. He sets up three different cells, and then compares the amount of energy generated from each one.
One of his cells is shown below as an example. Both remaining cells follow the same layout.
As the difference in the reduction potentials between two half cells increases, what happens to the Gibbs free energy of the reaction?
It becomes more positive
It becomes more negative
It will increase or decrease, depending on the species involved
It does not change, as thermodynamics is independent of reduction potential
It only changes with changes in temperature or pressure, and is independent of the chemical species involved
It becomes more negative
The reduction potential of a cell is directly related to the Gibbs free energy by the equation below.
As the reduction potential of a cell becomes more and more positive, the Gibbs free energy value becomes more and more negative.
Example Question #1 : Electrochemistry
Imagine a galvanic cell which uses solid zinc and aqueous iron ions to produce a voltage.
What is the standard state cell potential for this reaction?
Keep in mind that a galvanic cell will always have a positive voltage, so you can disregard the negative options. The half reactions show the voltage that will result if the element in question is reduced; however, an oxidation-reduction reaction will always have one element oxidized and another element reduced. In the equation shown, solid zinc (Zn) is oxidized, so the voltage of its half reaction is inverted to +0.76V. Next, you add the voltage of iron's reduction, resulting in the overall voltage of the galvanic cell.
Example Question #4 : Electrochemistry
Imagine a galvanic cell which uses solid zinc and aqueous iron ions to produce a voltage.
Suppose that this galvanic cell was converted into an electrolytic cell. Which of the following statements would be true?
The reaction is spontaneous
The cell potential would be negative
No electrons would flow from anode to cathode
Oxidation would take place at the cathode
The cell potential would be negative
An electrolytic cell is best thought of as a cell that requires an external power source in order to work. The reaction will go in the opposite direction of a galvanic cell, meaning that the cell potential will also be inversed and the reaction will be non-spontaneous. As a result, cell potential would be negative in an electrolytic cell.
Example Question #3 : Half Reactions And Reduction Potential
Imagine a galvanic cell which uses solid zinc and aqueous iron ions to produce a voltage.
Assuming standard conditions, what is the free energy for the reaction?
Since the reaction is taking place under standard conditions, we can determine the free energy of the reaction by using the equation
n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the balanced reaction, F is Faraday's constant, and Eo is the cell potential for the reaction.
Example Question #4 : Half Reactions And Reduction Potential
Determine the cell potential of the following reaction.
Reduction potentials of 
In the given reaction calcium, 
We are only given the reduction potentials. The oxidation potential of 
Recall that only the moles of electrons must balance for these reactions, therefore no multiplication of the standard potentials is needed when balancing mole atoms; thus the cell potential is the sum of the calcium oxidation potential and the gold reduction potential.
Example Question #1 : Half Reactions And Reduction Potential
Consider the following half reactions and corresponding reduction potentials:
Based on the above information, which substance can oxidize 
The reduction potential of 
For a substance to oxidize 
The only choice that meets this requirement is 
Example Question #11 : Electrochemistry
A student conducts an experiment for a chemistry class. The student wishes to explore power generation from different types of voltaic cells. He sets up three different cells, and then compares the amount of energy generated from each one.
One of his cells is shown below as an example. Both remaining cells follow the same layout.
In the voltaic cell drawn above, what is true about the species Ag?
The reduction potential for 
It is reduced and gains electrons
It is oxidized and loses electrons
It is oxidized and gains electons
It is reduced and loses electrons
It is neither reduced nor oxidized
It is reduced and gains electrons
As drawn above, the reaction must involve the oxidation of copper (lower reduction potential) and the reduction of silver (higher reduction potential). Reduction always means that a species gains electrons.
Example Question #1 : Voltaic/Galvanic Cells
A student conducts an experiment for a chemistry class. The student wishes to explore power generation from different types of voltaic cells. He sets up three different cells, and then compares the amount of energy generated from each one.
One of his cells is shown below as an example. Both remaining cells follow the same layout.
In the above diagram, a KOH salt bridge is used. Which species would you anticipate finding at the tip of the arrow numbered 4?
The reduction potential for 
The correct answer is 
Example Question #2 : Voltaic/Galvanic Cells
A student conducts an experiment for a chemistry class. The student wishes to explore power generation from different types of voltaic cells. He sets up three different cells, and then compares the amount of energy generated from each one.
One of his cells is shown below as an example. Both remaining cells follow the same layout.
The student in the passage creates a new cell, but uses the same element at both the anode and the cathode. What is likely to be true of this new cell?
Reduction and oxidation are not occuring in the cell
This cell can generate energy, but only after energy is input into the system
This cell cannot generate energy
Different concentrations of the species are present in each cell
The Gibbs free energy of this cell is zero
Different concentrations of the species are present in each cell
This is an example of a concentration cell. If you have two half cells, each made of the same chemical species, and connect them with a wire, the cell will generate a voltage as it attempts to correct the disequilibrium induced by the concentration difference.
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