The main differences between meiosis and mitosis are that, during meiosis I, there is recombination between homologous chromosomes and the separation of homologous chromosomes. During mitosis, homologous chromosomes are not separated, only the sister chromatids. Both processes involve the breakdown of the nuclear envelope, allowing DNA to enter the cytoplasm and align at the equatorial plate and both processes involve separation of sister chromatids.

Only meiosis involves separation of homologous chromosomes. Since the question asks for an event exclusive to mitosis, none of these answers are suitable.

Meiosis contains two different cellular divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis I produces two haploid daughter cells with chromosomes composed of two sister chromatids, whereas meiosis II produces four haploid daughter cells with singular sister chromatids (single-chromatid chromosomes). Mitosis only has one cellular division and produces two diploid daughter cells.

Statement I is false because meiosis I and mitosis produce the same number of daughter cells. Both divisions result in two daughter cells. Meiosis II divisions will result in four daughter cells.

Crossing over is a type of genetic recombination that exclusively occurs during prophase I of meiosis; therefore, statement II is true. This occurs because crossing over requires the formation of tetrads of homologous chromosomes.

The daughter cells of mitosis contain one sister chromatid from each homologous chromosome and the daughter cells of meiosis I contain one homologous chromosome from each pair. Although their types of chromosomes are different, both daughter cells from each division contain the same amount of DNA. The only difference is that the daughter cells of mitosis contain DNA in the form of sister chromatids, whereas daughter cells of meiosis I contain DNA in the form of the homologous chromosome. Statement III is true. The best answer is II and III. Remember that sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes code for the same genes, but contain different alleles.

There are four main phases in mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase involves nuclear membrane breakdown, formation of mitotic spindle, and disappearance of nucleolus. Recall that nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis; therefore, cell A is in prophase. The question states that the nuclear contents are spilling out in Cell B. Nuclear membrane holds the contents of nucleus in place. During prophase, this nuclear membrane breaks down, causing the contents of the nucleus (like chromosomes) to spill out into the cytoplasm.

Metaphase involves the alignment of the chromosomes (with sister chromatids) along the equatorial line of the cell. In anaphase, the aligned chromosomes are pulled towards the opposite ends of the cell, causing the sister chromatids to separate. Finally, in telophase two distinct cell start appearing with chromosomes that have no sister chromatids; therefore, cell C must be in telophase.

Mitosis is immediately followed by cytokinesis, during which the cytoplasm is divided equally between the two daughter cells.

Humans are diploid organisms with a total of 46 chromosomes (2n = 46). They have 23 distinct chromosomes and each chromosome has a homologous chromosome, giving a total of 46 chromosomes. Upon completion of DNA replication in S phase, each chromosome gains an identical sister chromatid that is joined to the original chromosome at the centromere; however, this whole entity is still considered a single chromosome. When a cell enters prophase of mitosis, there are a total of 46 chromosomes, each with a sister chromatid. In metaphase, the cell still has 46 chromosomes and these chromosomes align along the midline of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids get pulled apart to opposite ends; therefore, the sister chromatid separates from the chromosome and becomes its own chromosome. This means that in anaphase there are a total of 92 chromosomes in the cell.

These 92 chromosomes get pulled to opposite ends where 2 new daughter cells (with 46 chromosomes and no sister chromatids) are produced.

Mitosis and meiosis are both processes that involve cell division. In mitosis, a diploid parent cell divides and gives rise to two identical, diploid daughter cells. In meiosis, a diploid parent cell divides and gives rise to four identical, haploid daughter cells. Meiosis is divided into meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis I is unique because its prophase (prophase I) involves exchange of genetic material between chromosomes. This process is called recombination. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis. Note that both meiosis I and II have prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Metaphase in both mitosis and meiosis involves the alignment of the cell’s nuclear material along the midline. In mitosis, sister chromatids line along the midline. This means that in humans there will be a total of 46 columns of chromosomes along the midline (46 chromosomes with their respective sister chromatids). In meiosis I, however, it is slightly different. Recall that prophase I involves tetrad formation. This means that homologous chromosomes (with their respective sister chromatids) pair up along the midline, reducing the amount of columns of chromosomes in metaphase I to half of metaphase in mitosis. This means that in humans there will be only 23 columns of chromosomes in metaphase I.

Ploidy number refers to the amount of homologous chromosomes present. In humans, there are two sets of homologous chromosomes; therefore, humans are diploid. As mentioned mitosis produces two identical, diploid daughter cells (each cell has homologous chromosomes). In meiosis I two identical, haploid daughter cells are produced. These daughter cells have 23 chromosomes with sister chromatids; however, they lack their homologous pair and are, therefore, haploid. These two daughter cells undergo meiosis II and produce the final products of meiosis, which are four haploid daughter cells. Remember that the daughter cells of meiosis II will not have a sister chromatid because the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles during anaphase II.

Asexual reproduction is cell division that involves no sexual recombination. Recall that mitosis in eukaryotes produces two identical daughter cells with identical genetic make up. This is because there is no sexual recombination during mitosis.

Meiosis, on the other hand, undergoes sexual recombination during prophase I and is considered a form of sexual reproduction, which increases genetic variation. Meiosis occurs in the gonads, the site of sperm (in testes) and oocyte (in ovaries) production. DNA replication and transcription are not involved in cell division and reproduction.

During mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down to allow the formation of chromosomes. Since all concentration gradients are dependent upon the impermeability of a membrane, when this envelope breaks down, the concentration gradient weakens and disappears. 

ATP is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis by photosystem II. Carbon dioxide is fixed by combining with RuBP during calvin cycle. NAPDH donates electrons causing it to be oxdized to NADP+.

The signaling system with chemokines and cytokines is an example of a paracrine signaling process, where nearby cells communicate with each other, rather than autocrine signaling, where a single cell releases a signal to itself. The attraction of macrophages to the site of infection must occur quickly, much faster than several days or weeks. It also must use a second messenger, which will likely have immediate cytosolic effects as well as effects on genetic expression, because it acts through a surface receptor on the macrophage.

Paracrine signaling is the communication between neighboring cells, such as the process described in the question. Autocrine signaling is the use of chemical mediators to activate the same cell that secreted the mediator. Endocrine signaling is the use of chemical mediators to communicate with distant cell targets.

Isotype is not a form of signal, and refers to similar structures. Autologous tissues refer to tissues taken from the same individual, and is also not a form of signaling.