The force velocity relationship measures the velocity of shortening of isotonic contractions when the muscle is challenged with different afterloads (the load against which the muscle must contract.) The velocity of shortening decreases as the afterload increases.

The muscle length-tension relationship measures muscle tension developed during isometric contractions (the muscle is set to fixed lengths and length is held constant). Active tension is the difference between total tension and passive tension. Active tension is the active force created when the muscle contracts. Passive tension is created by stretching the muscle to different lengths. Total tension is the tension developed when the muscle is stimulated to contract at different lengths.

An isometric contraction, as the name implies, is a contraction in which the muscle length (-metric) is kept constant (iso-). In order for this to happen, the joint angle is kept constant, but there is an increase in muscle tension during contraction. Note that during isometric contraction there is no muscle shortening.

Isotonic contractions involve constant tension in the muscle, and a change in length. The two types of isotonic contractions are concentric and eccentric. Concentric contractions involve the shortening of a muscle throughout a contraction, eccentric contractions involve the lengthening of a muscle during contraction.

All of the choices indicate muscles of the arm and hand, but they have different functions. The brachialis is involved in forearm flexion, along with muscles such as the biceps brachii and pronator teres. The triceps are involved with forearm extension, which is the opposite of flexion. The extensor carpi radialis longus is involved in extension and abduction of the hand. Lastly, the extensor carpi ulnaris is involved with extension and adduction of the hand. We can tell that the extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi radialis longus are not involved in flexion because they are named "extensors," and, as stated, extension is the opposite of flexion. 

The extensor digitorum longus is not a muscle of the foot, but of the leg. It functions in extending the toes and dorsiflexing and everting the foot. The other three choices are all muscles of the foot. The extensor hallucis brevis functions in extending the big toe. The abductor digiti minimi functions in abducting the little toe. Lastly, the adductor hallucis functions in adducting the big toe.

Glucose is transported into skeletal muscles via insulin dependent facilitated diffusion. This type of diffusion requires a specific trans-membrane protein to allow for the passage of glucose. In the presence of insulin, these membrane channels allow glucose to move from outside the cell to inside the cell in an effort to lower blood glucose levels.

The signal for muscle contraction causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This calcium floods the cell and is necessary for causing muscle contraction. Parvalbumin, a protein in the cytoplasm, binds to calcium and acts as a slow-releaser of calcium. This binding reaction of calcium with parvalbumin causes the release of heat, which is termed as 'unexplained heat.' The 'unexplained heat' is also known as 'labile heat.'

Osteoblasts are differentiated non-dividing cells that secrete osteoid, an organic matrix material, that becomes mineralized forming bone. These are the cells primarily responsible for building bone.

Osteocytes are osteoblasts that become trapped in lacunae by bony matrix. These cells still maintain the bone environment, but do not actively build or modify bone a significant amount.

Osteoclasts resorb bone by breaking down the crystalline matrix.

Deposition of the calcium phosphate salt hydroxyapatite leads to mineralization of the bony matrix. 

A synarthrosis is a type of joint that permits little or no movement. Syndesmoses, synostoses, and symphyses are all examples of synarthroses. Syndesmoses are joined by an interosseous ligament. Joints between carpals and tarsals are mostly syndesmoses. Synostoses is a joint formed from the fusion of two bones, generally in an atypical fashion. Symphyses can be synarthroses or amphiarthorses and are characterized by a fibrocartilage band between bones, such as in the pubic symphysis.

A diarthrosis, also known as a synovial joint, is the most common joint type in humans and allows free bone movement. The knee and elbow are examples of a diarthroses or synovial joints.

The joints, or articulations, of the body can be classified according to several different criteria. They can be named for their structure, type of motion, or range of motion.

Synovial joints are determined by the joint structure. All synovial joints are housed within a joint capsule and contain synovial fluid. Joints between long bones are almost always synovial joints.

Syndesmoses are defined by their range of motion, and have very small, if any, motility. Syndesmoses are joined by interosseous ligaments, such as those between the carpals of the wrist.

Saddle joints are defined the type of motion allowed at the joint. Saddle joints are biaxial, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, but no axial rotation. The pollical (thumb) joint is a saddle joint. While a "swinging joint" would seem to indicate a joint defined by its type of motion, no such joint exists in anatomical terms.