Secondary active transport and cotransport are the same thing, and while solutes can be moved against their concentration gradient, ATP is not used. Passive and facilitated diffusion do not require ATP either. Active transport is the only transport mechanism that uses ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient. 

Endocytosis is the process by which substances from the external environment are encapsulated in vesicles and brought into the cell. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses membrane receptors to help localize the formation of the trasnport vesicle. Pinocytosis uses vesicles to transport fluids into the cell, while phagocytosis uses vesicles to bring pathogenic debris into the cell for digestion.

Exocytosis, in contrast, is the expulsion of substances from the cell via a transport vesicle.

"HIKIN'" represents the statements "there is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell."

"KADE" is used to remember the vitamins that are fat soluble: vitamins K, A, D, and E. "I'm A People Person" refers to the four-point physical assessment of a disease: Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, Palpation. SOAP is the acronym for Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan—a way to organize patient examination information. TIRE is an mnemonic for remembering the four abdominal muscles: transversus abdominis, internal abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique.

The correct answer is that the nucleolus is the site of ribsome synthesis and assembly. Chromosomes containing rRNA (ribosomal RNA genes) are clustered within the nucleolus, which facilitates rapid transcription and processing of rRNA genes and assembly of rRNA subunits into ribosomes. 

The correct answer is chromatin and transcriptionally inactive genes. The nuclear lamina provides support and structure to the nucleus and binds transcriptionally inactive regions. Euchromatin is loosely packed chromatin and is, therefore, associated with transcriptionally active genes. Alternatively, heterochromatin is densely packed chromatin and implies inactive genes. Ribosome synthesis and assembly occurs in the nucleolus.

RanGAP is notable for its ability to activate the GTPase function of the Ran protein. This allows for the hydrolysis of the third phosphate of GTP-bound Ran and the maintenance of a Ran-GDP/Ran-GTP gradient that is used to control nuclear import and export. RanGAP does not directly associate with cargo proteins or importins/exportins.

Because the question is asking which will have the largest effect, it makes sense that the answer should affect import and export globally.

Importins and exportins only work in one direction. While mutations to either of these protein classes would greatly affect nuclear transport, each is only responsible for "half" or the transport across the membrane. CRM1 is a well characterized exportin.

RanGAP, however, is responsible for helping maintain the gradient of Ran bound to GTP or GDP. The gradient of RanGTP/GDP is what provides global directionality to nuclear import and export. Loss of RanGAP would affect both import and export, having the largest detrimental effect on nuclear transport.

Ribosomal subunits are created in the nucleolus, a small area found inside of the nucleus.

The small subunit of the ribosome contains only one RNA molecule; the 16S rRNA in prokaryotes and the 18S rRNA in eukaryotes.

The importance of the cristae comes from the fact that they greatly increase the surface area of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This is important because this membrane houses the electron transport chain proteins. A larger surface area allows reactions to occur at a higher rate and, thus, more ATP can be generated. The cristae are not essential to protecting the mitochondrial genome or maintaining shape.