The Swedish Empire reached its peak in 1658 reigning over modern day Sweden, Estonia, Finland and parts of Norway. Through King Adolphus superior military leadership funded by an efficient government Sweden became the largest nation in Europe behind Russian and Spain. Years of military dominance birthed a coalition of anti-Sweden forces led by Russia known as the Great Northern War (1701-1721), which stripped Sweden of its formerly conquered territories. 

The American and French revolutions both directly referenced the need for political representation that revolutionaries wanted. Neither sets of revolutionaries wanted to kill the king initially. Only American revolutionaries promoted colonial independence, and while abolition was mentioned by revolutionaries in both nations, it was not one of the explicit goals of either revolution.

In the first election for the National Convention in 1792 Robespierre continued his rise to power by leading his Montagnard party in the election. Georges Jacques Danton was a moderate Jacobin who was guillotined in 1794. Jean-Paul Marat was the leader of the Montagnard faction, a more radical element in the revolution. Oliver Cromwell was a British ruler in the 17th century.

In 1789, Luis XVI called the Estates General to help find solutions to the monetary issues of the government, but they could not agree on anything, so the Third Estate representatives broke off and formed the insurgent National Assembly, thus beginning the French Revolution. The Estates General was an assembly of members of all three of the estates that made up French Society and was held in 1789. The National Convention was held in 1792, and was the first democratically elected assembly held in France (under universal male suffrage). The Directory  was a form of government in the very latest stages of the French Revolution.

The Death of Robespierre helped bring about the end of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror. Once this happened the Directory filled the power vacuum as the new government of France.

Just over a year after his father returned to Portugal and left him in charge of Brazil, Pedro decided to declare independence from Portugal, and declared Brazil to now be the Empire of Brazil. As such Pedro declared himself Pedro I Emperor of Brazil. 

As thanks for taking in the royal family when Portugal was invaded and occupied by the French Joao VI elevated Brazil's importance in the Kingdom by making it a Kingdom itself. Therefore the title of Portugal would no longer be United Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves, it would now be United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. Thus giving Brazil an important place in the Empire.

The left-wing, right-wing political dichotomy stems from the French Revolution, when the French king's allies in the National Assembly sat on the speaker's right, and the king's opponents on the speaker's left.

The American War of Independence empowered the new country with self-determination, but there was no left-right dichotomy in the American government.

The Franco-Prussian War left very little lasting political legacy, although it had a profound effect on how military planners thought of military force.

Many philosophies, such as Marxism, emerged from the industrial revolution, but the left-right political dichotomy already existed.

The Meiji Restoration was a political change in Japan that saw an increase in the emperor's power and the fall of the Shogun, but the left-right dichotomy already existed.

The fall of the Qing Dynasty was marked by resentment of Western influence, many people wanted reform, and a stronger Chinese identity, not to allow for greater penetration of the influence of Christianity and Western imperial powers.

Father Miguel Hidalgo rallied Mestizo and Creole peasants in an uprising against Spanish rule of Mexico that eventually led to independence. The other leaders were key figures in other Latin American Revolutions (Ouverture in Haiti, Bolivar in Venezuela, San Martin in Argentina, and Prestes in Brazil)