All of these things affect the development of a human before they are even born. Children exposed to tobacco, excessive alcohol, and narcotics in utero can be at risk for potential birth defects. The most powerful factor in prenatal development, however, is genetics. A child's genetic predisposition to deformities or childhood illnesses are a huge factor in that child's development.

Psychologist Diana Baumrind researched three types of parenting styles: authoritarian (harsh, emphasis on obedience), permissive (unpredictable, lenient), and authoritative (consistent, discussion-based, praising). The authoritative style of parenting is considered to be the most beneficial because of its consistency, predictability, and encouraging nature. As for the other answers, "strict" and "passive" parenting styles do exist, but they are not key terms for specific parenting styles studied in psychology.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) can have serious physical and cognitive effects. Lower IQ, eyes being far apart, ears being low down, and smaller stature usually characterize this particular disorder. 

Fraternal twins are just like regular siblings and share 50% of their genes; however they are born at the same time. Identical twins share 100% of their genetic composition.

Testosterone is present in both males and females, but it is extremely important to male’s physical and psychological development. Testosterone triggers all the male characteristics that emerge during puberty and stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during fetal development. 

Following a Noam Chomsky "nativist" perspective regarding universal grammar, Dr. Lengua thinks people are born with the ability to communicate regardless of their environmental influences. Social interactionist perspective is the opposite view in that individuals learn language and communication through modeling, dialogue, and corrective feedback. Behaviorist and sociocultural are distractors. 

There are approximately 30,000 genes in the human genome. These genes influence many traits including physical and psychological characteristics. Some genes can influence multiple traits, while others influence only a single trait. It is important to understand that the biological basis of genetics in order to fully understand psychology. 

Behavioral genetics examines how genes and environmental factors influence behavior. Behavioral genetics often involves twin studies and focuses on three primary factors. First, they study what is known as additive—or shared—genes associated with the trait being examined. Next, they examine shared environments. Finally, behavioral genetics also examines non-shared environments. These three components help to explain the extent to which the presence of a particular trait is due to genetic or environmental factors.  

"Heritability" describes the amount of variance in a trait that is controlled for by genes. For example, height has a high heritability because it is almost exclusively influenced by genes, not the environment. Some psychological traits can have high heritability too. For example, substance abuse problems often run in families. Behavioral genetics has determined that substance abuse problems can be around 50% heritable. This means that even though a child grows up in a drug-free environment, they may still be at risk for inheriting the trait from biological factors. For example, if one of their biological parents had experienced substance abuse issues, then the child could be at risk at also developing them later in life.

"Family socioeconomic status" is an environmental factor that has strong influences on several behavioral and developmental traits. Anything that is biologically passed down like a familial disorder or certain genetic trait would fall into the genetic category. Anything that is not determined by biology but by situation or life experiences falls into the environmental category.