The "medulla," also known as the medulla oblongata, contains the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers of the brain; therefore, the medulla controls the autonomic functions.  These functions include: breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. We would be not be able to survive—not even for a minute—without a functioning medulla.

The "hypothalamus" is responsible for synthesizing and secreting neurohormones that stimulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls many important bodily functions, including maintaining a healthy body temperature and circadian rhythm (i.e. our 24 hour internal cycle).

The "temporal lobe" plays an important role in organizing sensory input, auditory information, and language production. All four major lobes of the brain (temporal, parietal, frontal, and occipital) are located in the cerebral cortex.

The "cerebral cortex" is the large, folded exterior portion of the cerebrum that contains the different lobes of the brain. This structure is responsible for memory, perception, and consciousness—among other things. The fornix and the amygdala are part of the limbic system and do not play a large role in higher level thought. Additionally, the corpus callosum is anatomically defined simply as the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain. 

The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is responsible for activating "rest and digest" and returning the body to equilibrium after a fight or flight response. This is opposed to the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) that is involved in the "fight or flight" response. They are both branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which involuntarily regulates function of internal organs.

The corpus callosum is a band of nerve fibers that connect the brain's left and right hemispheres together. It is the largest white matter structure in the brain, and allows valuable information to be shared across brain hemispheres.

Acetylcholine is located at the neuromuscular junction, and it triggers muscle contraction in the body's cells. This neurotransmitter is most frequently found in neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Endorphins are a type of neurotransmitters that are closely linked to pleasure and pain centers in the body. They are not hormones; hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood and travel through the body to various organs.

The cerebellum is located near the base of the brain. Its major function is to coordinate movement and preserve balance. Damage to this area from a stroke will prevent an individual from coordinating their movements.

An MRI is a brain imaging modality that relies on magnetic fields. Strong magnets redirect the electrons within the body to produce an image. MRIs provide useful imaging of the soft tissue structures of the brain, and can be key in finding tumors, bleeding, and other brain abnormalities.