A reward is something good for the students, while a punishment is something bad for them. A positive reward/punishment introduces something new into their environment (i.e. the classroom), while a negative reward/punishment removes something from their environment. Getting to leave class early is a good thing for the students that removes something unpleasant (here, the extra time spent in class) from their environment, so it is a negative reward.

These are four of Abraham Maslow's five needs. His theory regarding human motivation consists of a pyramid-like hierarchy of needs: physiological needs (hunger, thirst, health, sex, etc.), safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs (approval and recognition), and self-acutalization needs (living up to one's own potential).

According to the Incentive Theory, motivation is based on positive and negative associations with stimuli. So, one is motivated to do something because of an associated reward or motivated to not do something because of an associated punishment.

The concept of the theory is in its name. The Drive-Reduction Theory reduces motivation to satisfying drives caused by biological needs. On a side-note, because of this simplification, many critics have argued that it fails to account for pleasure-seeking activities.

The Incentive Theory states that human behavior is motivated by rewards or punishments associated with stimuli.

There are many types of psychological motivation, including intrinsic and extrinsic, conscious and unconscious, and approach and avoidance. Intrinsic motivation occurs when the action itself is beneficial, whereas extrinsic motivation occurs when the action can lead to a benefit. Conscious motivation is motivation that we are aware of, whereas unconscious motivation is motivation that affects us without our knowledge. Avoidance motivation is staying clear of negative things, whereas approach motivation is seeking positive things. Inherent motivation is not a key term used in psychology.

The order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is as follows: physical needs, security needs, belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization. All of the scenarios in the answer choices follow that order besides "Thomas sacrificing food for the night to buy flowers for the girl he loves" because he is putting a physical need before the need for belongingness/companionship.

Abraham Maslow is most famous for his theory about the hierarchy of needs, which states that people are motivated to fulfill a number of needs and once they fill one, they move to the next higher level need. The needs, in order are: physical needs, security needs, belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization.

Homeostasis is the state of balance in the body. The hedonic principle is that people are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid/resist pain. Terror management theory describes the conflict between the desire to continue living and the knowledge that death is inevitable. Unconscious conflict is associated with Freud, not Maslow.

The stages of the sexual response cycle are as follows: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and refractory. The excitement phase involves erection, blood rushing to the genitals, and increases in heart rate. The plateau phase involves the secretion of genital fluid and maintained increased heart rate. Orgasm involves ejaculation, feelings of ecstasy, and vaginal contractions. The refractory phase involves normal heart rate and a time period in which orgasm cannot occur.

This question is mostly definitional- approach motivation involves seeking (approaching) positive events whereas avoidance motivation involves staying clear of (avoiding) negative events. Avoidance motivation is usually stronger in humans, but not necessarily better. Although people tend to have more of one type of motivation than the other, every person has some of both.