Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that there are various levels of motivation that drive people. As a result, physiological needs must be satisfied before someone can pursue higher motivations. According to Maslow, self-actualization is the highest motivation that one can achieve.

Justin enjoys playing baseball so much because of his genuine love and appreciation for the sport. He does not seem motivated by any external means such as money or the appraisal of his family and friends; therefore, Justin is experiencing intrinsic motivation—he is fueled by his desire to play baseball for the mere sake of playing baseball.

Although Cody is a very talented and skilled baseball player, he does not play baseball because he truly loves playing baseball—he plays to make money and to gain the approval of his father. Cody is not motivated to play baseball for the mere sake of playing baseball, he is experiencing extrinsic motivation—the desire to perform and behave in certain ways to obtain external rewards or avoid a threatened punishment.

Though it is not believed that Freud himself ever personally used this term, he did propose the concept of a “death drive,” which later psychologists deemed thanatos. Psychoanalytic psychologists believe "thanatos" is a person’s drive to suffer, in direct opposition to his or her desire to live ("eros"—termed libido when directed at creating life via sex). According to Freudian psychology, this tension and interaction between death instincts and life instincts drives human behavior.

Abraham Maslow believed that people are driven to fulfill their needs in a certain order. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is the progression through which needs are fulfilled—often represented by a pyramid. The hierarchy, from most basic onwards, is: physiological; safety; belongingness (love / companionship); esteem; and self-actualization. Since Jacob’s neighborhood is already unsafe, his safety is threatened by his front door’s broken lock—he has not fulfilled his need for safety. According to Maslow, this need will feel more urgent than belongingness (e.g. finding a partner), esteem (e.g. being praised for a memoir), and self-actualization (e.g. finding purpose via getting dream job).

Research has consistently found that highly creative people are motivated by the intrinsic reward of the process itself. Those who are more motivated by external success and status are those who also tend to be invested in the existing order of things. Highly creative people are attracted to what is different and derive pleasure from their own creative endeavors as opposed to what they may have to gain. In short, they are "intrinsically motivated" as opposed to "extrinsically motivated.” Although creative people may enjoy "visual stimuli," there are other forms of art that involve different forms of stimulus.

Maslow establishes his heirarchy as follows: physiological needs, safety, belonging, esteem, and self actualization. In this case, physiological needs are at the bottom, and one needs to proceed through each stage before reaching the top: self-actualization. 

Maslow was a part of the humanistic movement. He developed a hierarchy of needs, which includes physiological needs (i.e. food, water, shelter), safety, belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization. According to Maslow, a person cannot experience upper level needs without satisfying the needs below it. Therefore, a person could not experience belonging and esteem without his or her physiological needs being met. Freud is considered the father of psychoanalysis and focused on the role of the unconscious. Beck is the father of cognitive therapy, which addresses the role of thoughts and beliefs in influencing emotions. Darwin was an evolutionist who developed the theory of natural selection. Carl Rogers was also a part of humanism, but he believed that all humans have the potential for reaching higher level needs like self-actualization. He did not believe that lower level needs must also be satisfied. 

The three stages of Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome are, in order, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. These stages reflect the predictable series of changes that humans experience when subjected to significant stress. In the initial "alarm stage," adrenaline release causes an increase in energy levels, blood flow to muscles, and other changes intended by the body to help the person cope with the stress; however, the body cannot maintain this state indefinitely (i.e. if the stressor persists long enough, then the person moves into the resistance stage). In the "resistance stage," the parasympathetic system takes action to return the body to a more normal state. Since the stressor is still an issue, the body must expend resources to try and handle it. As you can imagine, over time the body’s resources become depleted, and the lack of downtime to recover from the stress response can take a serious toll on a person’s body and psyche. This stage is called "exhaustion" and Angela is likely in this stage.

A theory developed by William James and Carl Lange in the 19th century, this hypothesis explores the idea that emotion does NOT precede physiological changes. Instead, a person experiences an event, has an instinctual physiological response to the event, and the brain, sensing the physiological change through the nervous system, prompts an emotion.

For example: A person sees a bear. Their heart rate rises, their perspiration increases, and their mouth becomes dry. Based on these responses, the brain decides fear is an appropriate emotion for the environmental stimuli.

The reasoning behind this theory is that emotions help a person figure out the best course of action. In this example, the brain picks fear as the emotion, and the person picks "flight" as course of action in order to get away from the source of fear.