In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate produced during glycolysis will be used for either lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation, producing lactic acid or ethanol (as waste products) and regenerating NAD+ to be used for another cycle of glycolysis. This fermentation occurs in the cytosol of the cell.

The mother's possible genotypes for blood are AO and AA, while the father's are BO and BB; therefore, the child could have any blood type because we could receive an O allele from either parent.

The full possibilities are:

A from mother, O from father - blood type A

A from mother, B from father - blood type AB

O from mother, B from father - blood type B

O from mother, O from father - blood type O

Codominance is a phenomenon in which the phenotypes associated with both alleles will be expressed in their entirety. This expression pattern results in mottled expression, creating distinct red and white spots for the flower. This is different than incomplete dominance, in which the two phenotypes appear to blend together.

Since the A and B alleles both seem to exert a form of dominance, this is clearly not our common example of a complete dominance scenario. We can conclude that blood type is determined by either incomplete dominance or codominance.

In incomplete dominance, both alleles exert influence to a lesser degree resulting in a "blended" phenotype. In blood type, both alleles exert their full influence together. Instead of yielding a blended phenotype, this situation results in a phenotype that is functionally equivalent to having both A and B blood types at once. The A and B alleles are codominant.

In the resulting offspring, both phenotypes are displayed equally. This is a classic example of codominance. If an intermediate phenotype was observed, incomplete dominance would be the correct answer.

In codominance, both alleles are considered dominant. This means that both alleles will be fully expressed in different regions, resulting in spots. In incomplete dominance neither allele is fully dominant, so both can be expressed simultaneously in a given area. The result is a blending of both alleles.

In cases of codominance, the offspring have both alleles expressed at the same time. Thus, the coat color will be roa, which contains both white and red hair.

In cases of codominance, the offspring have both alleles expressed at the same time. As both  and  are dominant alleles, the resulting offspring will have blood type .

The ability of a gene to affect an organism is multiple ways is called pleiotropy. During post-transcriptional modification, introns are removed from the mRNA sequence and exons are spliced together to create the desired protein product. By splicing the gene in different ways, different proteins can be produced, which will affect different traits.

Consider the sentence: The man ran on the track, but fell.

By splicing different portions of the sentence, it can take on different meanings: The man ran. The man on the track fell. The man fell. The man ran, but fell.

Where pleiotropic genes affect more than one trait, polygenic traits are affected by multiple genes. Epistatic genes are regulated by the activation of other genes.

An intermediate phenotype is observed in the offspring. This is a classic example of incomplete dominance. Neither allele is dominant over the other, allowing both phenotypes to be expressed simultaneously. A plant expressing both blue and red will appear purple.

Codominance refers to a dominance pattern in which both alleles are dominant, and cannot be expressed simultaneously. Certain regions will express one dominant allele, while other regions will express the other allele. The result is a mottled or spotted appearance.

In incomplete dominance, heterozygotes express an intermediate phenotype. Since neither parent expresses the pink phenotype, we know that plant color follows incomplete dominance since neither red nor white is fully expressed as would be the case with complete dominance; rather they are both incompletely expressed.