Predator prey relationships can often influence the survivorship of species. Models are created to better visualize these relationships and their effects on population growths and declines. One way to display this information is to plot the density of the prey population against the number of prey consumed by a certain predator. As seen in Figure 1, three characteristic curves have been observed using this method. Curve Type I curve is the most unrealistic and exists when the number of prey consumed increases in direct proportion to the number of prey, with no limit on consumption. Curve Type II curve is characterized by a trend that shows the number of prey consumed per predator increasing quickly, but as the prey density increases the predators become satiated and the number of prey consumed stabilizes. Curve Type III resembles Type II in that it has an upper limit, but predators consume relatively few prey at lower densities due to various reasons.

Figure 1

When prey exist in low numbers their evasiveness rises. With fewer number of prey in one area they have increased opportunities to hide from predators; furthermore, predators have a decreased ability to create a search image of their prey. A search image is a mental development that dictates a predator's main source of prey through multiple interactions. Which curve in Figure 1 exhibits these characteristics?

     Osmoregulation is a necessary function to maintain homeostasis in organisms. Fish gills form the boundary between fish body fluid and environmental conditions. The regulation of water transport across barrier epithelial membranes in gills is assisted by membrane composition and affected by solute concentration on either side of the membrane. Fish body fluids are isotonic and have compositions of about 300 milliosmoles of solutes per liter. Freshwater environments are hypotonic and typically have compositions of about 1 milliosmole of solutes per liter. Saltwater environments are hypertonic and typically have a composition of about 1,000 milliosmoles of solutes per liter. Based on observed osmoregulation across varying concentration gradients, it is expected that gills exposed to isotonic solutions maintain steady water weight, while those exposed to hypotonic solutions increase in water weight, and those exposed to hypertonic solutions decreased in water weight.

Study 1

     Gills dissected from a fish were exposed to different ambient environments of salinity including an isotonic control solution (301.5 milliosmoles), a hypotonic solution (1.5 milliosmoles), and a hypertonic solution (601.5 milliosmoles). Percent water weight change between treatments was observed and calculated.

According to the passage, what will happen to the gills exposed to the isotonic solution?

     Osmoregulation is a necessary function to maintain homeostasis in organisms. Fish gills form the boundary between fish body fluid and environmental conditions. The regulation of water transport across barrier epithelial membranes in gills is assisted by membrane composition and affected by solute concentration on either side of the membrane. Fish body fluids are isotonic and have compositions of about 300 milliosmoles of solutes per liter. Freshwater environments are hypotonic and typically have compositions of about 1 milliosmole of solutes per liter. Saltwater environments are hypertonic and typically have a composition of about 1,000 milliosmoles of solutes per liter. Based on observed osmoregulation across varying concentration gradients, it is expected that gills exposed to isotonic solutions maintain steady water weight, while those exposed to hypotonic solutions increase in water weight, and those exposed to hypertonic solutions decreased in water weight.

Study 1

     Gills dissected from a fish were exposed to different ambient environments of salinity including an isotonic control solution (301.5 milliosmoles), a hypotonic solution (1.5 milliosmoles), and a hypertonic solution (601.5 milliosmoles). Percent water weight change between treatments was observed and calculated.

According to the passage, what will happen to the gills exposed to the hypertonic solution?

     Osmoregulation is a necessary function to maintain homeostasis in organisms. Fish gills form the boundary between fish body fluid and environmental conditions. The regulation of water transport across barrier epithelial membranes in gills is assisted by membrane composition and affected by solute concentration on either side of the membrane. Fish body fluids are isotonic and have compositions of about 300 milliosmoles of solutes per liter. Freshwater environments are hypotonic and typically have compositions of about 1 milliosmole of solutes per liter. Saltwater environments are hypertonic and typically have a composition of about 1,000 milliosmoles of solutes per liter. Based on observed osmoregulation across varying concentration gradients, it is expected that gills exposed to isotonic solutions maintain steady water weight, while those exposed to hypotonic solutions increase in water weight, and those exposed to hypertonic solutions decreased in water weight.

Study 1

     Gills dissected from a fish were exposed to different ambient environments of salinity including an isotonic control solution (301.5 milliosmoles), a hypotonic solution (1.5 milliosmoles), and a hypertonic solution (601.5 milliosmoles). Percent water weight change between treatments was observed and calculated.

According to the passage, what will happen to the gills exposed to the hypotonic soltion?

    Species competition is driven by a variety of factors. Resources such as water, food, sunlight, and suitable habitat are among the top contributors that influence interspecific and intraspecific competition. Interspecific is competition between different species and intraspecific competition is between members of the same species.

     One interesting example of interspecific completion is that of two barnacle species that inhabit intertidal zones. Balanus balanoides inhabits the lower intertidal zone and Chthamalus stellatus inhabits the lower intertidal zone. A researcher attempts to study this phenomenon.

     The researcher removes the Balanus species from the lower intertidal zone and observes that theChthamalus species expands its range to inhabit the lower intertidal zone and the upper intertidal zone. The researcher then removes the Chthamalus species from the upper tidal zone of a different area and observes that the Balanus species does not extend its range. The researcher concludes that competition has allowed each species to exist simultaneously by forming specialized niches that promotes survivorship for each species.

An oil spill releases petroleum toxins to the entire intertidal zone under investigation. Cleaning procedures displace the barnacles. They are later reintroduced into the environment. Which of the following statements best describes the pattern of species dispersion?

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is used by the human body to interconvert carbon dioxide (a gaseous compound) and bicarbonate (a compound composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen), using water as a reactant. The human body needs to convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in the tissues to transport it in the blood to the lungs, as carbon dioxide is relatively insoluble. In the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxide to be exhaled. In humans, there are two different carbonic anhydrase isomers, one that works in the lungs (isomer A) and one that works in the tissues (isomer B). Mutations in the chromosomes can prevent carbonic anhydrase from converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the following four experiments, the chromosomes of none, one, or both of the isomers were mutated per experiment.

Experiment 1

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Bicarbonate was measured in the tissues but carbon dioxide was not measured in the lungs.

Experiment 2

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be abnormally high in the tissues and no bicarbonate was measured in the lungs.

Experiment 3

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be slightly low in the tissues and bicarbonate levels were abnormally high in the lungs.

Experiment 4

Radiation was not used, A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal and found normal carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels.

A slightly low carbon dioxide level in the tissues in Experiment 3 most likely indicates that __________.

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is used by the human body to interconvert carbon dioxide (a gaseous compound) and bicarbonate (a compound composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen), using water as a reactant. The human body needs to convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in the tissues to transport it in the blood to the lungs, as carbon dioxide is relatively insoluble. In the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxide to be exhaled. In humans, there are two different carbonic anhydrase isomers, one that works in the lungs (isomer A) and one that works in the tissues (isomer B). Mutations in the chromosomes can prevent carbonic anhydrase from converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the following four experiments, the chromosomes of none, one, or both of the isomers were mutated per experiment.

Experiment 1

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Bicarbonate was measured in the tissues but carbon dioxide was not measured in the lungs.

Experiment 2

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be abnormally high in the tissues and no bicarbonate was measured in the lungs.

Experiment 3

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be slightly low in the tissues and bicarbonate levels were abnormally high in the lungs.

Experiment 4

Radiation was not used, A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal and found normal carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels.

A mutation that deactivates isomer B would most likely lead to the accumulation of what product and in what location?

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is used by the human body to interconvert carbon dioxide (a gaseous compound) and bicarbonate (a compound composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen), using water as a reactant. The human body needs to convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in the tissues to transport it in the blood to the lungs, as carbon dioxide is relatively insoluble. In the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxide to be exhaled. In humans, there are two different carbonic anhydrase isomers, one that works in the lungs (isomer A) and one that works in the tissues (isomer B). Mutations in the chromosomes can prevent carbonic anhydrase from converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the following four experiments, the chromosomes of none, one, or both of the isomers were mutated per experiment.

Experiment 1

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Bicarbonate was measured in the tissues but carbon dioxide was not measured in the lungs.

Experiment 2

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be abnormally high in the tissues and no bicarbonate was measured in the lungs.

Experiment 3

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be slightly low in the tissues and bicarbonate levels were abnormally high in the lungs.

Experiment 4

Radiation was not used, A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal and found normal carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels.

If both isomers A and B were mutated, how would the levels of carbon dioxide in the tissues and bicarbonate in the lungs change over time?

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is used by the human body to interconvert carbon dioxide (a gaseous compound) and bicarbonate (a compound composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen), using water as a reactant. The human body needs to convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in the tissues to transport it in the blood to the lungs, as carbon dioxide is relatively insoluble. In the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxide to be exhaled. In humans, there are two different carbonic anhydrase isomers, one that works in the lungs (isomer A) and one that works in the tissues (isomer B). Mutations in the chromosomes can prevent carbonic anhydrase from converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the following four experiments, the chromosomes of none, one, or both of the isomers were mutated per experiment.

Experiment 1

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Bicarbonate was measured in the tissues but carbon dioxide was not measured in the lungs.

Experiment 2

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be abnormally high in the tissues and no bicarbonate was measured in the lungs.

Experiment 3

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be slightly low in the tissues and bicarbonate levels were abnormally high in the lungs.

Experiment 4

Radiation was not used, A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal and found normal carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels.

According to the passage, the solubility of carbon dioxide in blood is likely __________.

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is used by the human body to interconvert carbon dioxide (a gaseous compound) and bicarbonate (a compound composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen), using water as a reactant. The human body needs to convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in the tissues to transport it in the blood to the lungs, as carbon dioxide is relatively insoluble. In the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxide to be exhaled. In humans, there are two different carbonic anhydrase isomers, one that works in the lungs (isomer A) and one that works in the tissues (isomer B). Mutations in the chromosomes can prevent carbonic anhydrase from converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the following four experiments, the chromosomes of none, one, or both of the isomers were mutated per experiment.

Experiment 1

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Bicarbonate was measured in the tissues but carbon dioxide was not measured in the lungs.

Experiment 2

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be abnormally high in the tissues and no bicarbonate was measured in the lungs.

Experiment 3

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be slightly low in the tissues and bicarbonate levels were abnormally high in the lungs.

Experiment 4

Radiation was not used, A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal and found normal carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels.

According to the passage, the solubility of bicarbonate in blood is likely __________ .