Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is used by the human body to interconvert carbon dioxide (a gaseous compound) and bicarbonate (a compound composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen), using water as a reactant. The human body needs to convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in the tissues to transport it in the blood to the lungs, as carbon dioxide is relatively insoluble. In the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxide to be exhaled. In humans, there are two different carbonic anhydrase isomers, one that works in the lungs (isomer A) and one that works in the tissues (isomer B). Mutations in the chromosomes can prevent carbonic anhydrase from converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the following four experiments, the chromosomes of none, one, or both of the isomers were mutated per experiment.

Experiment 1

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Bicarbonate was measured in the tissues but carbon dioxide was not measured in the lungs.

Experiment 2

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be abnormally high in the tissues and no bicarbonate was measured in the lungs.

Experiment 3

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be slightly low in the tissues and bicarbonate levels were abnormally high in the lungs.

Experiment 4

Radiation was not used, A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal and found normal carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels.

Which isomer(s) was/were most likely mutated in Experiment 1?

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is used by the human body to interconvert carbon dioxide (a gaseous compound) and bicarbonate (a compound composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen), using water as a reactant. The human body needs to convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in the tissues to transport it in the blood to the lungs, as carbon dioxide is relatively insoluble. In the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxide to be exhaled. In humans, there are two different carbonic anhydrase isomers, one that works in the lungs (isomer A) and one that works in the tissues (isomer B). Mutations in the chromosomes can prevent carbonic anhydrase from converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the following four experiments, the chromosomes of none, one, or both of the isomers were mutated per experiment.

Experiment 1

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Bicarbonate was measured in the tissues but carbon dioxide was not measured in the lungs.

Experiment 2

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be abnormally high in the tissues and no bicarbonate was measured in the lungs.

Experiment 3

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be slightly low in the tissues and bicarbonate levels were abnormally high in the lungs.

Experiment 4

Radiation was not used, A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal and found normal carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels.

Which isomer(s) was/were most likely mutated in Experiment 2?

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that is used by the human body to interconvert carbon dioxide (a gaseous compound) and bicarbonate (a compound composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen), using water as a reactant. The human body needs to convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in the tissues to transport it in the blood to the lungs, as carbon dioxide is relatively insoluble. In the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxide to be exhaled. In humans, there are two different carbonic anhydrase isomers, one that works in the lungs (isomer A) and one that works in the tissues (isomer B). Mutations in the chromosomes can prevent carbonic anhydrase from converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the following four experiments, the chromosomes of none, one, or both of the isomers were mutated per experiment.

Experiment 1

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Bicarbonate was measured in the tissues but carbon dioxide was not measured in the lungs.

Experiment 2

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be abnormally high in the tissues and no bicarbonate was measured in the lungs.

Experiment 3

Radiation was used to mutate one of the chromosomes of one or more isomers of carbonic anhydrase. A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal. Carbon dioxide levels were found to be slightly low in the tissues and bicarbonate levels were abnormally high in the lungs.

Experiment 4

Radiation was not used, A probe was placed into the tissues and lungs of a model animal and found normal carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels.

A mutation that deactivates isomer A would most likley lead to the accumulation of what product and in what body location?

     Phylogenetics is a tool utilized by evolutionary and molecular biologists to investigate the similarities that exist in the molecular sequences of proteins in varying organisms. The amino acid sequences that build proteins are often used to construct distance matrices that aid in determining evolutionary ties. The study of these matrices helps to expose evolutionary relationships between species that may not have the same phenotypical and existential characteristics.

Study 1

     A researcher decides to compare several bat species to several bird and mammalian species in order to determine which two groups were more closely related. The study compares a ghost bat and a tomb bat with two birds, the pigeon and eagle, and two mammals, the spider monkey and macaque. The researcher compared the amino-acid sequences of beta hemoglobin molecules in order to determine whether bats were more related to birds or mammals. Percent similarities of the data were calculated for comparison purposes (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Study 2

     A researcher decides to compare a whale to a fish and to several ungulates (hoofed mammals). One set of ungulates that were studied were artiodactyls, meaning they were “even-toed” (hippopotamus and sheep).  The other set of ungulates belonged to a class of mammals known as perissodactyls meaning that they were “odd-toed” (rhinoceros and zebra). The researcher compared the amino-acid sequences of beta hemoglobin molecules in order to determine which species were more related to the Minke whale. Percent similarities of the data were calculated for comparison purposes (Figure 2).

Figure 2

According to Figure 1, which of the following species types is most similiar to the genectic characteristics of the two bat species?

     Phylogenetics is a tool utilized by evolutionary and molecular biologists to investigate the similarities that exist in the molecular sequences of proteins in varying organisms. The amino acid sequences that build proteins are often used to construct distance matrices that aid in determining evolutionary ties. The study of these matrices helps to expose evolutionary relationships between species that may not have the same phenotypical and existential characteristics.

Study 1

     A researcher decides to compare several bat species to several bird and mammalian species in order to determine which two groups were more closely related. The study compares a ghost bat and a tomb bat with two birds, the pigeon and eagle, and two mammals, the spider monkey and macaque. The researcher compared the amino-acid sequences of beta hemoglobin molecules in order to determine whether bats were more related to birds or mammals. Percent similarities of the data were calculated for comparison purposes (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Study 2

     A researcher decides to compare a whale to a fish and to several ungulates (hoofed mammals). One set of ungulates that were studied were artiodactyls, meaning they were “even-toed” (hippopotamus and sheep).  The other set of ungulates belonged to a class of mammals known as perissodactyls meaning that they were “odd-toed” (rhinoceros and zebra). The researcher compared the amino-acid sequences of beta hemoglobin molecules in order to determine which species were more related to the Minke whale. Percent similarities of the data were calculated for comparison purposes (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Which of the following species types possesses a beta hemoglobin molecular structure most similar to that of the Minke whale of Study 2? 

     Phylogenetics is a tool utilized by evolutionary and molecular biologists to investigate the similarities that exist in the molecular sequences of proteins in varying organisms. The amino acid sequences that build proteins are often used to construct distance matrices that aid in determining evolutionary ties. The study of these matrices helps to expose evolutionary relationships between species that may not have the same phenotypical and existential characteristics.

Study 1

     A researcher decides to compare several bat species to several bird and mammalian species in order to determine which two groups were more closely related. The study compares a ghost bat and a tomb bat with two birds, the pigeon and eagle, and two mammals, the spider monkey and macaque. The researcher compared the amino-acid sequences of beta hemoglobin molecules in order to determine whether bats were more related to birds or mammals. Percent similarities of the data were calculated for comparison purposes (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Study 2

     A researcher decides to compare a whale to a fish and to several ungulates (hoofed mammals). One set of ungulates that were studied were artiodactyls, meaning they were “even-toed” (hippopotamus and sheep).  The other set of ungulates belonged to a class of mammals known as perissodactyls meaning that they were “odd-toed” (rhinoceros and zebra). The researcher compared the amino-acid sequences of beta hemoglobin molecules in order to determine which species were more related to the Minke whale. Percent similarities of the data were calculated for comparison purposes (Figure 2).

Figure 2

In Study 2, which two species' beta hemoglobin structures are most related on a molecular scale?

     Phylogenetics is a tool utilized by evolutionary and molecular biologists to investigate the similarities that exist in the molecular sequences of proteins in varying organisms. The amino acid sequences that build proteins are often used to construct distance matrices that aid in determining evolutionary ties. The study of these matrices helps to expose evolutionary relationships between species that may not have the same phenotypical and existential characteristics.

Study 1

     A researcher decides to compare several bat species to several bird and mammalian species in order to determine which two groups were more closely related. The study compares a ghost bat and a tomb bat with two birds, the pigeon and eagle, and two mammals, the spider monkey and macaque. The researcher compared the amino-acid sequences of beta hemoglobin molecules in order to determine whether bats were more related to birds or mammals. Percent similarities of the data were calculated for comparison purposes (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Study 2

     A researcher decides to compare a whale to a fish and to several ungulates (hoofed mammals). One set of ungulates that were studied were artiodactyls, meaning they were “even-toed” (hippopotamus and sheep).  The other set of ungulates belonged to a class of mammals known as perissodactyls meaning that they were “odd-toed” (rhinoceros and zebra). The researcher compared the amino-acid sequences of beta hemoglobin molecules in order to determine which species were more related to the Minke whale. Percent similarities of the data were calculated for comparison purposes (Figure 2).

Figure 2

In Study 1, which two species' beta hemoglobin structure are most related on a molecular scale?

     Researchers decide to study the effects of chemicals on heart rates. They decide to expose Daphnia magna to different chemical treatments. The Daphnia magna is a form of crustacean that is easily studied in a laboratory environment. In the study, Daphnia magna were placed under a microscope in a saline solution. The Daphnia magna were then exposed to differing substances to observe their effects on physiology and disruption of homeostasis. After the chemical treatments were added to the solution, the Daphnia magna’s heart rate was observed and recorded in beats per minute, as seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Which of the following chemicals depressed the Daphnia magna’s heart rate?

Researchers decide to study the effects of chemicals on heart rates. They decide to expose Daphnia magna to different chemical treatments. The Daphnia magna is a form of crustacean that is easily studied in a laboratory environment. In the study, Daphnia magna were placed under a microscope in a saline solution. The Daphnia magna were then exposed to differing substances to observe their effects on physiology and disruption of homeostasis. After the chemical treatments were added to the solution, the Daphnia magna’s heart rate was observed and recorded in beats per minute, as seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Which of the following chemicals increased the Daphnia magna’s heart rate?

Researchers decide to study the effects of chemicals on heart rates. They decide to expose Daphnia magna to different chemical treatments. The Daphnia magna is a form of crustacean that is easily studied in a laboratory environment. In the study, Daphnia magna were placed under a microscope in a saline solution. The Daphnia magna were then exposed to differing substances to observe their effects on physiology and disruption of homeostasis. After the chemical treatments were added to the solution, the Daphnia magna’s heart rate was observed and recorded in beats per minute, as seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Which of the following chemicals had no observable effect on the Daphnia magna’s heart rate?