This had the potential to be a very difficult question, but the answer choices should have pointed you in the right direction:

The Liberator (founded in 1831) is the correct answer—William Lloyd Garrison was a staunch abolitionist and even created a newspaper to that effect. His portrayal of slavery was not positive—similar to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which was a massively-popular novel depicting the horrors of slavery.

Gone with the Wind  (1936) is incorrect. While the book doesn’t necessarily praise slavery, it paints it in a much more positive light than the Liberator, and is written (essentially) from the perspective of a southern woman. Thomas Paine's Common Sense (1776) in incorrect. This pamphlet was, of course, massively influential during the pre-Revolutionary War. Slavery . . .  is incorrect. It’s a great red herring, and it’s there simply to give you a tempting answer that is dead wrong. Moreover, and more importantly, while Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was a real person (he was a statesman from South Carolina) that book title is completely made up.

The largest numbers of immigrants in this period came from Germany and Ireland. The Irish were fleeing extreme poverty and, from 1845 onward, a devastating famine in Ireland. The Germans were fleeing poverty as well as political disorder and oppression in Germany. English immigration to the US continued in this period, but was declining, surpassed by Irish and German immigration. Russian and Italian immigrants would not become major immigrant groups until the late 19th century.

Field is the “parent” in some sense of the Trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. Field was part of the venture (or, company) that laid the first cable (although it broke soon after). More importantly, Field was directly responsible for laying the cable that endured. With the trans-Atlantic cable in place, two worlds (well, really countries--the UK and the US) became closer together.

In nineteenth-century America, manifest destiny was the popular belief that American settlers were meant to expand across the continent; it was their destiny.

The author of this passage is Frederick Jackson Turner. Turner was a late-nineteenth-century historian who wrote extensively on the primacy of the Frontier in American culture. He would have agreed with any action that aided the spread of the American people west across the continent, so we can reliably say he would have supported the Mexican War, the construction of the railroads, the Louisiana Purchase, and the consequences of the California Gold Rush. He would not, however, have supported the establishment of specific protected territory for Native Americans—as this would have prevented the American domination of the continent. 

The Cult of Domesticity was the prevailing social attitude towards women in nineteenth-century America – particularly among white, Protestant society. The Cult of Domesticity states that it is the responsibility of women to be pure, pious, domestic and submissive. The woman’s proper place was said to be “in the home.” Generally, the Cult of Domesticity supported the supposed virtue of women as natural care givers to children. The impact of the Cult of Domesticity—which dictated that it was not feminine to accept paid labor—was often extremely negative. By the turn of the twentieth century, less than five-percent of married women were employed and, if a middle-class family lost the male bread-winner the consequences were often disastrous. 

A Vindication of the Rights of Women was written by British feminist, Mary Wollstonecraft, in 1792. Wollstonecraft argued against the educational and political theorists of her time who argued that women should be given solely a domestic education. She believed it was important, both for society at large (as women raised children and could be companions to their husbands) and for the dignity of women, that all women be treated as the equals of men. The book was an important contribution to early American feminist thought, as well as to the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. 

The quote is an excerpt from a piece written by the educational reformer Horace Mann in 1848. Mann argued that universal public education was the best way to ensure a virtuous, hard-working, and Republican population. His ideas won some acceptance throughout his time period, but it was a century later when the public school system began to receive widespread recognition for its role in altering the nature of the American population, and even, leading to victory in the Space Race and perhaps (more of a stretch) the Cold War. 

The Hudson River School is a term applied to a form of art popular in the New York area in the mid-nineteenth century. It later spread throughout the country, as second generation artists took up the pursuit. Its proponents focused on a positive depiction of the American landscape as pastoral and beautiful. They believed that humans and nature could, and indeed should, co-exist peacefully; however, they were not known as promoters of Native American culture or lifestyle. 

The term “Gilded Age” was coined by Mark Twain in The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. It refers to the period following the end of the Civil War and leading up to the end of the nineteenth century. Twain used the term to highlight the perceived injustices of society at the time. He believed that the thin veneer of American prosperity and growth was covering up massive social and economic iniquity. Indeed, whilst it was a time of great economic growth for the United States, it was also a time when the economy was very top-heavy. Massive industrial conglomerates controlled a huge proportion of the wealth whereas the majority of families lived on or below the poverty line.