The Reconstruction and Post-Reconstruction era saw a retrenchment of racial animosity towards newly freed slaves throughout the South. Many different black leaders proposed a variety of solutions and ways to better the status of African-Americans. Booker T. Washington became notable for advocating educational and societal improvements among African-Americans, rather than a direct engagement with segregationist policies, as reflected in the quote provided in the question.

The Other America was written by Michael Harrington. Harrington was disillusioned with the ignorance of his fellow Americans to the plight of the urban and rural poor in the United States. At a time when most Americans were enjoying significant economic growth and prosperity, Harrington argued that there was an “other America” that was being left behind. He argued that greater than a quarter of the population was still living in poverty and that the government had a moral obligation to alleviate suffering. The book was hugely influential in the United States, and many historians credit it with, at least in part, inspiring Lyndon B. Johnson’s “War on Poverty.”

The America First Committee was founded in September of 1940, as American sympathy started to turn towards favoring Britain in its war against Nazi Germany. The leaders of the America First Committee all desired for America to remain out of foreign wars and to avoid conflicts like World War I. The America First Committee saw its popularity decline in June of 1941 after famed aviator and prominent Committee leader Charles Lindbergh gave a speech which defended and even seemed to promote Nazi Germany. The America First Committee formally disbanded just days after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941.

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois were both major political activists for the African American community in the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries. However, they disagreed heavily on how best to affect social equality for African Americans. Washington believed that economic equality was sufficient, and that if the African American community remained patient and peaceful, social and political equality would eventually follow suit. Conversely, DuBois vehemently believed that immediate change was needed, he argued that for too long blacks had been disenfranchised in America and that if African Americans did not have political equality, than they would never be socially or economically equal. Although he rarely went so far as to call for violence, DuBois was a big believer in the power of political agitation for affecting change. 

The Temperance Movement arose in America as a backlash against the widespread use and abuse of alcohol among American men. It was most consistently supported by women and religious leaders. The movement culminated with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, which legally prohibited the sale of alcohol in all US territories. The passage of the Volstead Act wrote the amendment into law. 

The Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco was the spiritual home of the hippie movement that swept through American popular culture in the 1960s. It was the sight of rampant drug use and rock-music culture. The significance of the hippie movement in creating a fractured America cannot be overstated; the next couple of decades would be culturally dominated by the radicals on one side and the reactionaries on the other. 

The term “Lost Generation” was coined by Ernest Hemmingway in his novel The Sun Also Rises. The term refers to the generation of young Americans (and Europeans) who fought in World War One and lost a large proportion of their youth and optimism. Upon returning to America, many of these individuals became disillusioned with the over-commercialized lifestyle for which they had fought. Jack London died during World War One, and he is generally remembered, through his literature, as an avid advocate of unionization and socialism.

Black nationalism is a broad term that helps describe figures ranging from Nat Turner to Marcus Garvey to Malcolm X and Louis Farrakhan. At its heart, Black nationalism set itself apart by advocating for African-Americans to empower themselves through creating their own organizations and institutions. Black nationalism has given rise to groups like the Nation of Islam and the Black Panthers. Frequently, more mainstream African-American organizations would fight with Black nationalists over most issues.

The Feminine Mystique was written in 1963 by Betty Friedan, a notable member of the women’s rights movement. Friedan’s work focused on interviews with contemporary female housewives and found that many of them were dissatisfied with their lives.

In her book, Friedan concludes that a number of cultural forces have conspired to encourage women to seek fulfillment in domestic life. She contends that if women are to control their own happiness, they must resist these cultural forces and find fulfillment in work that brings out the full capacity of their minds. The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking a new wave of feminism.

In the lead up to the 1980 Presidential Election, a variety of conservative Christians, most notably Jerry Falwell and his Moral Majority organization, began to coalesce behind Republican politicians. Many right-wing Christians became animated by a number of issues in domestic politics that they saw as threatening to traditional Christianity, especially the legalization of abortion after Roe v. Wade, the burgeoning gay rights movement, the sexual revolution, and the changing nature of women's roles as exemplified in the debate over the Equal Rights Amendment.