The key word here is “determination,” for it describes David’s overall attitude. When someone is “resolute,” he or she is fixedly determined to do something. When one makes a “resolution,” he or she fixes that resolution as a goal. Traditionally, people make “new year’s resolutions” as goals for the coming year.

Omer could be said to have an interest in “the heavens.” The word “celestial,” is an adjective meaning “concerning heavenly bodies” or “concerning the things of space.” It is derived from the Latin word for “heavens” or “skies.” The instrument called “the celeste” is so named because of its “heavenly” sound.

The key word to note is “perplexed,” which helps to give sense to the contrast being proposed in this sentence. The sense is that the puzzle was not particularly perplexing or difficult. While the option “advanced” might appear to be an adequate option, it does not signify the sense of perplexity as well a the word “intricate.” The word “intricate” implies a certain “trickiness” or complicated nature. It is derived from the Latin for “to entangle,” which itself is derived from the word for “trick.” It is related to words like “intriguing” and “extricate.”

The sentence implies that William’s words apparently angered some people, even if they would not have angered him. When something (particularly words or speech) provoke anger, they are said to be “inflammatory.” The word has the sense of “setting on fire,” which is obvious from the “-flam-” portion of the word, which is related to “flame.”

The key expression is “small and powerless,” in particular “small.” When something is “diminutive,” it is very small, though when the adjective is applied to words or expressions, it implies the usage of such words either in affection (“darling,” “sweetie”) or as expressing contempt (by treating the other person as being “little” and, by implication, not fully mature). The word is clearly related to English words like “diminish” and “diminution.”

Based on what is stated in the sentence, one cannot say whether or not the current state of friendly exchange is either weak or questionable; however, it can be described as being “unsaid” in the sense of not having an official status in treaties or law. The word “tacit” means “being known without being stated explicitly.” It is related to Latin words for “to be silent.” Someone who speaks very little can be described as being “taciturn.”

The contrast between nouns and verbs is here being expressed as a matter of implying (or not implying) “past, present, or future.” Something is called “temporal” when it is related to time. In older speech, people would speak of “temporal” matters in opposition to “spiritual” ones (that would be “after or outside of time”). The word is related to other time-related words like “temporary” and “extemporaneous.”

The key work for the contrast here is “enduring.” In opposition to “enduring,” one could speak of “passing” things. When something is “temporary,” it only lasts for a “time” and is, therefore, not permanent. (Sometimes, people speak of “temporary employment,” which is the state of being employed only for a limited, contracted time.) The word “temporary” is related to other time-related words such as “temporal” and “extemporaneous.”

The key expression “extreme inflation” indicates that the prices greatly increased. “Inflation” occurs when the money supply increases, causing prices to shift upward. The adjective “astronomically” most properly means “relating to the stars” (as in “astrology” or “astronomy”). It can likewise be used in a metaphoric sense to mean “going as high as the stars” or “in a great amount.”

We can infer that because Jason's creative writing piece was full of overused sayings, we need to pick out a word that means something like "overused" to describe those sayings. Neither "authentic" nor "novel" will do, because each of those words is an antonym to "overused." "Trite" is an adjective that is used of a remark, opinion, or idea and means "overused and consequently of little import; lacking originality or freshness," and because it is the answer choice that best suits the sentence's context, "trite" is the correct answer.