Ethene, or , has a carbon-carbon single () and double () bond. Recall that a bond can be found in hybridized orbitals whereas a  bond cannot. This means that the carbon atoms in ethene hybridize the single ‘s’ orbital and two of the ‘p’ orbitals, forming a  hybridization. The  bonds () are found in these three hybridized orbitals. The remaining unhybridized ‘p’ orbital will house the two electrons in the  bond.

The orbital angular momentum number is the second quantum number and it signifies the type of orbital. An electron found in a ‘p’ orbital will always have an . Since both electrons in the  bond are found in the ‘p’ orbital, the ‘l’ value for both electrons is the same.

The principal quantum number is the first quantum number and it signifies the shell or energy level of an electron. All electrons involved in bonds are found in carbon’s outermost shell (2nd shell); therefore, they will all have an . Remember that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers (regardless of whether the electrons are found as lone pairs, in  bonds, or in bonds).

Quantum numbers are fancy coordinate systems that describe the potential location of an electron within an atom. The first quantum number is called the principal quantum number and it signifies the shell the electron is located in. Recall that electron shells are discrete orbits in an atom that have discrete energy; therefore, the principal quantum number signifies the energy level of an electron.

The principal quantum number is always an integer and is always greater than zero. If  the electron is found within the first shell, if  then the electron is found within the second shell, and so and and so forth. Also, since it is always greater than zero, the principal quantum number can never be negative.

The types of subshells, from smallest to largest, are as follows: s, p, d, and f. These four subshells correspond respectively to the following quantum numbers: 0, 1, 2, and 3. The total number of sublevels with n = 4 is n or 4: 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f.

The principle quantum number (n) and the angular quantum number (l) are acceptable. However, the magnetic quantum number (m) is restricted to lie between -l and l. Therefore, for l=2, the only possible numbers for m are -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. 

Infrared spectroscopes uses dipole changes as a means of recording data. Because ethyne has a center of symmetry about its triple bond, there is no net dipole change when the bond stretches, and therefore no signal is measured by the detector. Such molecules are called IR inactive and a Raman spectrum must be obtained in order to observe the desired peaks. 

To achieve an octet of valence electrons, atoms can share electrons so that all atoms participating in the bond will have full valence shells. Covalent bonds, by definition, result from the sharing of one or more pairs of valence electrons.

The key to this problem is that electrons in covalent bonds are shared and therefore "belong" to both of the bonded atoms. Sulfur is a nonmetal in group 6A , and therefore has 6 valence electrons. In order to obey the octet rule, it needs to gain 2 electrons . It can do this by forming 2 single covalent bonds.

The key to this problem is that electrons in covalent bonds are shared and therefore "belong" to both of the bonded atoms. Selenium is a nonmetal in group 6A , and therefore has 6 valence electrons. In order to obey the octet rule, it needs to gain 2 electrons. It can do this by forming 2 single covalent bonds.

A chemical bond is considered covalent if there is sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms. As opposed to a covalent bond, an ionic bond can involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another resulting in a high charge differential between two atoms in order for them to acquire a full octet.

As described by the Pauli Exclusion Principle, every pair of electrons must consist of spin-up paired with spin-down. It states that no more than two electrons may occupy an orbital, and in full electron orbitals, the spin of one must cancel the spin of the other so their spins will have a zero net spin/angular momentum.

Chemical bonds are made up of orbitals, which are simply waves that have wave functions. Wave functions tell us the likelihood that an electron can be found within an orbital. Constructive interference of two wave functions/orbitals occur when the two waves are in phase and result in a new wave function, or in other words a chemical bond.

Polar bonds form between all atoms of different electronegativity. Bromine is a diatomic molecule and thus both atoms of bromine have the same electronegativity. This bond between bromine is perfectly nonpolar, meaning that both atoms share the electron density equally.