Without earthworms, modern land-based ecosystems would look very different. There 1 are no way to predict the exact changes that would exist without earthworms, but it is easy to recognize earthworms’ impact. As research continues into the effect of earthworms, scientists are confident that it will show an even more complex picture of the earthworm’s contribution to the land-based ecosystem.

The Sagrada Familia has stood, incomplete, as part of the Barcelona skyline since the early phases of its construction in 1882. The project, originally intended to be a cathedral in the gothic style, was begun by the bookseller Joseph Maria Bocabella under the direction of the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar. Del Villar and Bocabella imagined a basilica modeled on the Gothic revival churches Bocabella had seen on trips to Italy. However, Bocabella’s ideal basilica never came to be. In 1883 del Villar resigned from the project, and 30-year old Antoni Gaudi, a young but already well known architect from Catalonia, took over as lead architect.

Gaudi 1 decided that departing from del Villar’s original Gothic design in favor of a more modern design. The new design was ambitious, featuring eighteen tall spires and four different facades on different sides of the basilica. But work on the new building was slow. Decades passed, and the work was still incomplete. In 1915, Gaudi - now 63 years old - abandoned all other work in favor of dedicating himself to the completion of the monumental church, but progress on the building was still slow. When pressured to speed up work on the monumental building, Gaudi was said to have replied, “My client is not in a hurry.”  By the time Gaudi died in 1926, the basilica was only somewhere between 15 and 20 percent complete.

Invertebrates are animals without vertebrae. Arthropods, including arachnids that has eight legs, are in this phylum. Some species in this phylum include scorpions, spiders, and ticks. There are over 45,000 known species of spiders; however, scientists estimate that the same number are still undiscovered.

Music has been around for all of human history, and many cultures have their own styles and instruments. Recently, researchers have identified what are believed to be the oldest musical instruments in the world. Scientists has used carbon dating to discover that flutes made from bird bone and mammoth ivory found in southern Germany were between 42,000 and 43,000 years old.

Most African cuisine traditionally uses a variety of local grains, fruits, and vegetables, as well as milk and meat products. Each region of Africa has different styles and traditional meals. In Central Africa, agriculture consists of yellow onions, yam, spinach, millet, bananas, okra, rice, and garlic. Many meat dishes there consist of chicken or goat. East African dishes focused primarily on grains, such as rice, flour for bread, millet, and maize, and have a plethora of stews cooked with meat and vegetables.

There are many fish that live thousands of meters below the surface of the sea. These deep-sea creatures have adapted to their environment of little to no light. One creature, the vampire squid, is a small creature that grows to be around 6 inches in length and is the only surviving member of its order, Vampyromorphida. The vampire squid have long fins at the top of its body that serves as its means of propulsion, flying through the water by flapping these fins. The vampire squid’s body is covered with light-producing organs called photophores, allowing the vampire squid to use the chemical process known as bioluminescence to see in the dark depths of the ocean.

The earliest known algebraic mathematical text was found in Egypt, dated to around 1650 BCE. This text shows that the ancient Egyptians could solve both linear equations and systems of equations. The ancient Greeks was best known for their discoveries in Geometry, including the Pythagorean Theorem.

Famous psychologist, Ivan Pavlov, is best known for his study of classical conditioning. Pavlov theorized that one learns through a pairing of a stimulus with a conditioned response. The experiment he conducted demonstrated how the presence of dog food would trigger a conditioned response. The dog food acted as the stimulus, while the conditioned response was that the dogs would salivate. In order to condition the response, every time Pavlov would feed the dogs, he would ring a bell. After he repeated this procedure, he would ring the bell without giving the dogs any food, which still triggered the conditioned response of salivation without the stimulus of food, proving his theory correct.

Florida was first discovered by Europeans in 1513 by Juan Ponce de Leon. Its first city, St. Augustine, found shortly after in 1565. St. Augustine is known to be the oldest continuously inhabited European establishment. Prior to the colonization of Florida, many indigenous tribes resided there, such as the Apalachee, Seminoles, Timucua, and Creek.

Since 1988, the mission of molecular gastronomy 1 shifted. Kurti and This originally sought to investigate “kitchen old wives’ tales,” invent new recipes, improve old ones, and make the case to the public that science was a useful part of everyday life. Even if their experiments weren’t intended to be replicated in home kitchens, they were intended to encourage home cooks to experiment. Today, molecular gastronomists seek to explore the social, artistic, and technical aspects of food preparation. Some have argued that this shift in focus, along with the fact that techniques in molecular gastronomy have so far surpassed what any home cook could do, means that molecular gastronomy has lost its ability to impact how the world cooks at home.