Abdominal rigidity and decreased bowel sounds are classic signs of peritontis. In addition, the patient will often want to lie very still, as any motion often increases pain. Cystitis, ulcerative colitis, and cholecystitis all may cause significant abdominal tenderness but would not generally result in rigidity or decreased bowel sounds.

Blind finger sweeps are not recommended in an infant with airway restriction due to a foreign object because they may inadvertently force the object deeper into the airway. A finger sweep should only be used if the object can be visualized. Injury to the oral cavity would not be a primary concern in the case of airway restriction, and a finger sweep would not be expected to trigger either gasping or vomiting in an infant.

The four main categories of shock are as follows:

• Cardiogenic: Sudden inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to the body, most commonly due to acute myocardial infarction.
• Hypovolemic: Due to loss of fluids or hemorrhage.
• Septic: Also known as endotoxic shock. Dangerously low blood pressure as the result of systemic inflammatory response to infection.
• Anaphylactic: Systemic inflammatory response to an allergen.

The normal range for hemoglobin in an adult female is . Hemoglobin levels above that range may be indicative of chronic low blood oxygen, while lower levels of hemoglobin are seen in anemia. 

The normal range for hemoglobin levels in an adult male is . Hemoglobin levels above that range may be indicative of chronic low blood oxygen, while lower levels of hemoglobin are seen in anemia. 

When percussing the seventh intercostal space along the right midclavicular line, you should expect to hear a dull note, as this is directly over the solid mass of the liver.

The border of the liver can be found by percussing in a descending line along the intercostal spaces of the right midclavicular line, starting at the clavicle. The superior border of the liver can be measured at the point where percussion transforms from resonant or hyperresonant (indicating the air-filled lung) to dull (indicating the solid mass of the liver).

A healthy and normal abdominal aorta will measure between 2.5-3cm in diameter. An abdominal aorta over 3cm and under 5cm in diameter is considered to be enlarged, and surgery to prevent abdominal aortic aneurism is generally performed on abdominal aortas that surpass 5cm in diameter in females or 5.5cm in diameter in males.

A positive Murphy's sign is an indication of cholecystitis, or gallbladder inflammation. Testing for Murphy's sign is performed during an abdominal exam by asking the patient to breathe out slowly while the fingers of the examiner are slid under the right costal margin and held in place with firm pressure. The patient is then asked to inhale, which forces the abdominal contents upward. Murphy's sign is considered positive if the patient winces or flinches when breathing in, due to pain when the inflamed gallbladder comes in contact with the examiner's fingertips.

Rovsing's sign, psoas sign, and McBurney's point are all tests for appendicitis.

In this case, the patient is able to move their biceps brachii against gravity, but they are unable to move against gentle resistance by the examiner. This means the muscle strength should be graded at .

The muscle strength grade is as follows:

: no contraction

: muscle contraction, but no movement

: movement with gravity, but not against gravity 

: movement against gravity, but not against resistance 

: movement against mild resistance by the examiner 

: normal muscle strength

The range for normal potassium levels in blood is . Anything above that (hyperkalemia) or below that range (hypokalemia) is considered abnormal.