The anterior slide and crank tests are tests for tears of the glenoid labrum. The following are common tests, with varying diagnostic value, for the other pathologies listed: O'Brien's test (acromioclavicular ligament injury), horn blower's sign (teres minor tear), lift off sign (subscapularis tear), and olecranon-manubrium-percussion test (clavicle fracture).

The origin of the sartorius Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). Accordingly, if the sartorius avulsed from its origin, we would suspect damage to this bony prominence.

The "Terry Thomas/David Letterman" sign is specific to the articulations of the wrist, and involves injury to the scapholunate ligament. When this ligament is damaged, the scaphoid and lunate drift apart, creating a gap on x-rays reminiscent of  the gap in Terry Thomas'/David Letterman's front teeth.

Lachman's test has good diagnostic value for ACL tears. The McMurray's and Thessaly tests have mixed diagnostic value, and test for meniscus injuries, the valgus stress tests is a test for tibial collateral ligament injury, and the sag sign tests for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury.

A Lachman's test requires the clinician to apply an anterior force on the tibia, looking for an end-feel (or resistance created by the ACL). Godfrey's (90-90), posterior drawer and quadriceps active test all test for a rupture, or sprain of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). McMurray's tests for meniscal tear.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are both affected with hyperflexion of the knee, as these two ligaments are located deep inside the knee capsule, and prevent anterior and posterior sheering forces. If this action occurred with enough force, these structures would be injured. The sedial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) would be injured with a valgus or varus force, both with occur in the coronal plane. The iliotibial band (ITB) and and medial collateral ligament (MCL) would require multiplaner forces in order to be injured. 

Although it is a very new test, the available literature suggests that the lever sign has superior diagnostic value to the Lachman, pivot-shit, and anterior drawer tests, to detect anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Additionally, the preliminary evidence suggests that the lever sign has high diagnostic value for both acute and chronic ACL injuries. 

Oxidative phosphorylation generates roughly 6.3 high energy phosphates (ATP) per unit of oxygen (O2).

It is also important to note that ATP generation occurs anaerobically via lactic acid production, with the ratio being 1.5 high energy phosphates (ATP) per unit of lactate. But this is not the correct answer in this context.

Calor—or redness—is associated with increased blood flow, which can result from inflammation. During an inflammation response, histamine release results in vasodilation and increased bloodflow, which can cause the infalmmed area to appear red.

Opportunistic microbiota can form biofilms and affect patients who are immunocompromised, suchs as someone with AIDS or a chronic illness.

Resident microbiota are always present in the body and frequently have mutualistic relationships with their human hosts. Transient microbiota are present at some times, but absent at others. Pathogens affect healthy individuals, as well as those who may be immunocompromised.