Human Anatomy and Physiology : Injuries and Disorders

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Example Questions

Example Question #12 : Help With Endocrine Injuries And Disorders

A patient was diagnosed with a tumor (Cushing syndrome) that is causing an increased release of steroids into the body. Which of the following serum abnormalities will be observed? 

Possible Answers:

Hyponatremia

Hyperkalemia

None of the other answers

Hypernatremia

Hypokalemia

Correct answer:

Hyponatremia

Explanation:

Cortisol (glucocorticoid) also has some aldosterone (mineralcoritcoid)-like effects on the kidneys. This patient has a tumor (Cushing syndrome) which increases steroids in the body. Thus, increased mimicry activity of aldosterone can lead lead to hyponatremia in this patient. 

Example Question #1 : Help With Reproductive Injuries And Disorders

With regard to zonal anatomy of the prostate gland, where does benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) mainly occur?

Possible Answers:

Peripheral zone

Anterior zone

Central zone

Posterior zone

Transitional zone

Correct answer:

Transitional zone

Explanation:

Benign prostatic hypertrophy is usually seen in the transitional zone. Most carcinomas originating in the peripheral zone. The posterior zone does not exist.

Example Question #213 : Injuries And Disorders

In regards to the the zonal anatomy of the prostate gland, where do most carcinomas originate?

Possible Answers:

Transitional zone

Posterior zone

Peripheral zone

Central zone

Anterior zone

Correct answer:

Peripheral zone

Explanation:

Most carcinomas originate in the peripheral zone, whereas benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) occurs mainly the transitional zone.

Example Question #2 : Help With Reproductive Injuries And Disorders

Which of the following terms describes menstruation that is excessive in amount or duration?

Possible Answers:

Amenorrhea

Poymenorrhea

Menorrhagia

Metrorrhagia

Dysmenorrhea

Correct answer:

Menorrhagia

Explanation:

Amenorrhea: no appearance or cessation of menstruation

Polymenorrhea: menstruation less then 21 day interval 

Metrorrhagia: intercyclic or irregular menstruation 

Dysmenorrhea: intermittent, cramping pain accompanying menstruation 

Example Question #3 : Help With Reproductive Injuries And Disorders

What is PCOS?

Possible Answers:

Passable cystic occlusions syndrome

Possibly cancerous ovary symptoms

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycongenital optical syndrome

Correct answer:

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Explanation:

PCOS is polycystic ovary syndrome, which is a chronic hormonal disorder that can cause enlarged ovaries with multiple small cysts on the outer edges. The cause is unknown, but the disorder can be managed via lifestyle changes, hormonal birth control methods, and surgery. If left untreated, it can cause infertility, high cholesterol problems, mental health issues, and is a risk factor for cancer and diabetes. 

Example Question #4 : Help With Reproductive Injuries And Disorders

What are some of the primary symptoms of chlamydia?

Possible Answers:

Burning sensation during urination and abnormal discharge from the genitals

Coughing and sneezing

Red sores around the genitals and mouth

Itching and bleeding from the rectum

Correct answer:

Burning sensation during urination and abnormal discharge from the genitals

Explanation:

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease that can present in multiple ways. The most common symptoms are burning sensation during urination and abnormal discharge, but chlamydia infection is also asymptomatic in some cases. It can be treated with antibiotics. 

Example Question #5 : Help With Reproductive Injuries And Disorders

Which of the following are common sexually transmitted infections?

Possible Answers:

Gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis

Gonorrhea, chlamydia, shingles

Gonorrhea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, syphilis

Gout, chlamydia, syphilis

Correct answer:

Gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis

Explanation:

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis are common sexually transmitted infections (STI's or STD's). They are caused by viruses that are most often transmitted during sexual activity. They can be found in areas other than the genitals, including the mouth or rectum. 

Example Question #7 : Help With Reproductive Injuries And Disorders

Which of the following is commonly abbreviated "BV?"

Possible Answers:

Bacterial viginismus

Bacterial vaginosis

Brain vaccine

Botulism vaginosis

Correct answer:

Bacterial vaginosis

Explanation:

BV is also known as bacterial vaginosis. It is caused by a proliferation of bacteria in the vagina and is the most common vaginal infection in women between the ages of 15-44. It can be treated via antibiotics or will occasionally go away on its own.  

Example Question #6 : Help With Reproductive Injuries And Disorders

Which of these conditions refers to "inflammation of the testicles"?

Possible Answers:

Otitis

Orchitis

Oophoritis

Osteoarthritis

Correct answer:

Orchitis

Explanation:

"Orchitis" refers to inflammation of either one or both of the testicles. It is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of heaviness in the testes. It can be caused by bacterial infection and is also commonly associated with the mumps virus. In contrast, "otitis" refers to inflammation of the outer, middle, or inner ear; it is commonly associated with infection. "Oophoritis" refers to inflammation of the ovary and is often seen with salpingitis, which is inflammation of the fallopian tubes. Lastly, osteoarthritis refers to a joint disease which results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and bone.

Example Question #1 : Help With Evaluation Methods For The Endocrine System

Calcitonin may be used therapeutically for the treatment of what condition(s)? 

Possible Answers:

Hypoparathyroidism only

Osteoporosis only

Hyperparathyroidism only

Hypothyroidism only

Osteoporosis and hyperparathyroidism

Correct answer:

Osteoporosis and hyperparathyroidism

Explanation:

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and can be used therapeutically for treatment of osteoporosis and hyperparathyroidism. Osteoclasts are responsible for removing "old bone". Osteoporosis may occur when the removal of "old bone" is greater than the creation of "new bone". By inhibiting osteoclasts, the bone is able to create "new bone" at a faster rate. Similarly, hyperparathyroidism is likely to cause hypercalcemia, which is in part due to the activation of osteoclasts. Thus, calcitonin may be used to take blood calcium levels back down to baseline.

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