Vectors are used to deliver the target gene into the cell. The selectable marker gene, when expressed, shows that the genes were successfully introduced into the cell. A promoter is used to initiate transcription of both the target gene and the marker gene, and a terminator ends their transcription. While ligase is often used to make recombinant DNA to be inserted into a cell, it is not necessary to introduce ligase into the cell.

Gametes contain half the genetic information as other cells in the body. If the genotype for the blue zebra is Bb, this means that half the genetic information for this phenotype of color would be a gamete containing B or a gamete containing b. Similarly, the possible gametes for the pink zebra with genotype bb would be b or b.

In order to find the phenotypic ratio, it is first necessary to find the genotypes of the offspring. This is done by doing a Punnett square, as shown in linked photo.

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It is possible that the genotypes of both parent rams are Cc and Cc. This would mean that both parents carry the recessive allele for straight horns (c). By doing a Punnett square, we can see that there is a possibility of an offspring with straight horns.

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In the problem, platinum fleece is stated to be a mix of white fleece and golden fleece. This is an example of incomplete dominance. Codominance in such a case would yield patches or some form of separation between white fleece and golden fleece patches on the offspring, where the traits can fully be expressed in patches or parts of the organism. Mixed dominance is not a real genetic term.

In order to find the answer, it is necessary to do a dihybrid cross as shown:

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Gametes contain half the information as other cells. Gametes will receive one allele for each trait. From this particular rabbit with genotype BbEe, each gamete will contain one allele for fur color (either B or b) and one allele for ear length (E or e). Hence, the possible gametes for this rabbit with genotype BbEe are BE, Be, bE, and be.

The type of dominance expressed in this offspring with patches of green and patches of black on its petals is codominance. Codominance is when the traits (in this case, petal color) is expressed fully in patches (or other kinds of separations), but that both traits can be seen in the offspring, and that the trait is not an intermediate of the two combined traits. If intermediate trait did result (greenish black or blackish green all over the offspring), then this would be incomplete dominance. Intermediate dominance and mixed dominance are not real genetic terms.

For each trait, there must be two alleles (one from mother and one from father). In this genotype, two traits are being asked for, so there should be a total of two genes with two alleles each in the genotype. Because the pig expresses the dominant traits of blue fur and curly tail, this indicates that the pig at least has to have one of each dominant allele in its genotype: B_C_. This leaves us with two blanks that we can fill in with either dominant or recessive alleles. Regardless, the dominant traits will still be expressed, because there is at least one dominant allele for blue fur and one dominant allele for curly tail. With this, we have four possibilities that will all yield the phenotype of blue fur and curly tail: BBCC, BbCC, BBCc, Bbcc.

It can be seen that short fingernails is dominant by the genotypes of Ff and FF, both of which contains at least one dominant allele of short fingernails (F). It can be seen that long fingernails is recessive to short fingernails by the genotype of a person with long fingernails carrying two recessive alleles of short fingernails (ff). If in this case, fingernail length was co-dominant, some fingers would probably have long nails and some fingers short nails if genotype Ff. If incomplete dominance, genotype of Ff would be a middle ground length between long and short. Mixed dominance is not a real genetics terms.