The Henderson-Hasselbach equation can be used to find the answer.

 represents the concentration of conjugate base, while  represents the concentration of weak acid.

When we plug the given numbers into this equation, we get:

To find the answer to this question, we must use the Henderson-Hasselbach equation:

 refers to the concentration of base (in this case, ammonium chloride).  refers to the concentration of weak acid (in this case, ammonia). We must then plug the given numbers into the equation and solve for pH.

In this question, we're given two different solutions. For each, we're told the volume as well as the concentration of acid within that solution. Then, we're told that the two solutions are mixed. Upon combining them, we're asked to determine what the pH of the resultant mixture will be.

To answer this question, the first thing we have to realize is that acetic acid and its conjugate base, acetate, can act as a buffer system. This means that it acts to resist dramatic changes in pH. Because we are told that acetic acid and its conjugate base are in equal amounts, we know that the pH of the starting solution is equal to the pKa of acetic acid.

When  is added to the solution, we know that it will completely dissociate because it is a strong acid. This will, in turn, make the solution more acidic. The buffer system, however, will help to ensure that the pH does not drop too significantly, although we can still expect the pH to fall slightly below the pKa.

It's important to remember that when the two solutions are combined, the volume changes as well. Since each solution begins at , combining them together will result in a final solution with twice the volume, or . The significance of this is that the molarity of acetic acid and acetate will be cut in half, each to a value of . And upon reacting with the extra protons produced by the , this will also change the concentration slightly.

In this new mixture,  of the protons produced by  will combine with an equivalent  of acetate to produce an additional  of acetic acid. Hence, we can calculate the final molarity of the buffer components. Acetic acid will have a concentration of  and acetate will have a concentration of .

We now have what we need to calculate the pH of the mixture. Plugging these values into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation will give us the answer.

To answer this question, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation since we have a buffer system, a weak acid and its conjugate base. 

Acetic acid is our weak acid  and acetate is the conjugate base.

Since we are given volumes and concentration we need to figure out the molar ratio between acetate and acetic acid. We cannot just plug in the given concentrations.

This pH makes sense because the number should be more basic. We have more moles of the base than we do of the acid. If we had more moles of acid we would expect the pH to be lower.

The answer is the acetate ion because at this point, there has not been enough hydrochloric acid added to make a lot of acetic acid. And the hydrochloric acid is immediately used up upon addition into the solution. The water is at a constant concentration so is not considered the predominant species. 

The first reaction that has to happen is the creation of , ammonium.

We need to determine how many moles of hydrogen ions that we have from the HCl, that is equal to the amount of  that is formed.

We need to determine the total amount of moles of ammonia, and then how many are remaining.

Now we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to solve for the pH

The relevant chemical reaction here is: 

First we need to determine how many moles we have of  and _. 

Now we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to solve for the pH.

The first reaction that will happen is the formation of acetate from the reaction of the strong base with acetic acid:

How many moles of OH^- are reacting? Using the volume:

How many moles of CH₃COOH are reacting? Doing the same as above: 

So the amount of acetate, formed is equal to the number of moles of  added. 

And to figure out how much acetic acid is leftover: 

moles of acetic acid - moles of  moles of acetic acid leftover

So now that we know how many moles we have of the weak acid and its conjugate base, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: 

We need to use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to determine how many moles of ammonia we need.

First we need to determine the number of moles of ammonium we have: 

When we plug that into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

In this case, we have the acid, and we are looking for the base

Raise both sides to the 10

Cross multiply

moles of ammonia

Now we need to determine the volume of 0.1 M ammonia that gives us that number of moles:

Strong acids and bases are those that ionize completely in solution. In contrast, weak acids and bases ionize only partially in solution.

, hydrogen fluoride, is an example of a very strong acid. In solution, it dissolves completely to form  and . 

, sodium hydroxide, is an example of a very strong base. In solution, it dissolves completely to form  and .

, acetic acid, is an example of a weak acid. In solution, it dissolves partially to form  and .

, ammonia, is an example of a weak base. In solution, it accepts a proton to form  and .