This problem requires knowledge of the endopeptidase properties. Trypsin cleaves after the amino acids lysine and arginine, and chymotrypsin cleaves after the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. 

Using this information, the slashes below indicate where each enzyme cleaved the polypeptide.

(AM) (SAK)/ (YMPLWGIR)/ trypsin

(MPLW)/ (GIRAM) (SAKY)/ chymotrypsin

Because the (AM) and (GIRAM) fragments have no slash after M in both the first and second treatment, one can conclude that this piece is at the end of the polypeptide. The other two pieces are sequenced by realizing that S starts the (SAK) and (SAKY) fragments and is never found in the middle of a fragment. 

There are 4 main steps in the unfolded protein response: (1) Translation of proteins is stopped, (2) Chaperones are recruited to the location of misfolded proteins, (3) Misfolded proteins are "tagged" with ubiquitin chains for degradation by the 26S proteasome, (4) if the above steps fail, the cell undergoes programmed cell death. Thus, all of the answers choices are affiliated with the unfolded protein response.

The phosphodiester bonds in DNA occur between the 3' and 5' hydroxyl groups on deoxyribose. (This is related to DNA's 5' to 3' directionality as DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA by adding nucleotides to the 3' hydroxyl group).

The beta-N-glycosidic bond attaches the nitrogen on the purine or pyrimidine base to the 1' anomeric carbon on the deoxyribose sugar. Phosphodiester linkages connect the 3' and 5' sugar hydroxyl groups on adjacent nucleotides.

Phosphorus on both orthophosphate and pyrophosphate is surrounded by 10 electrons. This does not satisfy the octet rule in either case, so that answer choice is false, and therefore the correct answer. With four negative charges close by, pyrophosphate is very unstable, and releases a lot of energy when cleaved. Finally, the two orthophosphates formed from a single pyrophosphate gain an additional resonance structure.

The type of bond that holds the phosphate group to the sugar in DNA's backbone is called a phosphodiester bond. Hydrogen bonds connect bases to one another and glycosidic bonds occur between deoxyribose groups and the base groups.

The type of loop of tRNA at the anticodon sequence is indeed hairpin. Hypoxanthine is occasionally found in tRNA anticodons (as its nucleoside, inosine). tRNA anticodons and mRNA codons are indeed antiparallel (this is central to their functioning). However, just because an anticodon has guanine in position one, doesn’t mean in cannot code with any of the four codons to make the same amino acid; the amino acid produced will be subject to whatever combination of bases is present, as detailed in the genetic code.

The two pyrimidine bases are cytosine and thymine. Purine bases are larger in structure than pyrimidines and possess a two-ring nitrogenous base. In RNA, uracil is also a pyrimidine. One way to help us remember which nitrogenous bases are which is to use the mnemonic CUT. Pyramids (like pyrimidines) are "sharp" and thus they CUT, Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine.

DNA nucleotides have a maximum absorbance at 280 260nm. Pyrimidines Purines have a larger structure than purines pyrimidines, since purines have two rings in their structures, and the pyrimidines have only one. All DNA nucleotides have tautomeric forms, and the lactim or enol lactam or keto form is more common. The structure of adenine is identical to guanine with the exception of one additional amino group on carbon #2 and a double bonded oxygen replacing the amino group on carbon #6.

Thymine and uracil a both pyrimidines with similar structure but a key difference at the 5' carbon. While this location is methylated in thymine, there is no functional group there in uracil.