While it was briefly occupied by Italy in the 1930's, Ethiopia was not colonized by any European power and successfully maintained its independence in the modern era.

Equatorial Guinea was a colony of Spain. It was Spain's only colony on the African continent.

In 1963 the Organisation of African Unity was created to protect African sovereignty. It was succeeded in 2002 by the African Union.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was part of the Central Powers (which included Germany) in the First World War. They were defeated and their empire was promptly broken up. Poland and Yugoslavia both gained their independence as a result. Modern-day Serbia remained a part of the newly-independent Yugoslavia.

Talk of a canal across the Panamanian isthmus dates back to 1500s, when the Spanish wanted to find a quicker route from Spain to its holdings on the western side of South America. The trip around the southern tip of South America was extremely long and treacherous. Transit across the canal proved important not just for trade but to provide a link between the Atlantic and Pacific naval fleets.

The correct answer is that direct colonial rule sought to weaken indigenous systems. Direct rule imposed a centralized colonial administration rather than relying on relationships with local intermediaries like tribal chiefs. Direct rule was also mostly favored by the French, while the British favored indirect rule in most of its colonies.   

Following World War I, anti-British sentiment began to grow in the colonies. Desire for self-rule and the frustration of having served a country while incurring massive casualties without thanks led colonies to rally for independence.

The Indian Independence Act of 1947 granted one of Britain's largest territories its sovereignty. In doing so, the plan also required the division of Pakistan and India based on religious customs. Violence came as a result of the division and the disagreement over boundaries. The Act also stripped the British of the title "Emperor of India."

The Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) led to the emergence of Japan as an imperial power. But, it was Japan’s victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) that announced to the world Japan’s status as a growing imperial power. For one thing it was the first time an Asian military had defeated a European power in war since the age of European colonialism had begun a few centuries earlier.

The correct answer is that current national boundaries of countries on the African continent are largely the same as they were during the colonial era. A few boundaries have been redrawn when long secessionist conflicts were resolved with independent statehood (notably in South Sudan and Eritrea). Despite the collapse of some governments, as in Somalia, the officially recognized national boundaries have not changed a great deal since the colonial era.