The outgoing colonial administrations of Britain and France wanted to ensure continued European domination on the Middle East; therefore they wanted the region to be weak comparable to Britain and France.

The British and French were wary of the hundreds of millions of Arabic speakers and others who comprise the Middle East's population; they wanted to ensure the region remained divided and weak, rather than united and strong.

The British and French injected systemic weakness into the region by severing economic relationships between port cities such as Beirut, and large, workshop based cities such as Damascus.

Although the French and British created certain countries, such as Lebanon, with a democratic government, others, such as Iraq and Jordan, were created to be hereditary monarchies; democratic governance was therefore not an all important prerequisite.

The British and French wanted the Middle East to be as weak and poor as possible, expansion into other regions of the world that shared certain Middle Eastern cultural traits, such as religion or language, was absolutely the last thing they desired as it would increase their power versus the French and British.

The Sykes-Picot Agreement was an agreement between France and Britain to divide the Middle East into spheres of influence in 1916. This secret agreement took place during World War I, and was in part a result of the Ottoman Empire's collapse.

Britain got Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine, while France took control of Syria and Lebanon.

The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to be the first genocide of the 20th century. In the German occupied region of German South-West Africa, a campaign was led to exterminate the people of the Herero and Namaqua tribes. The German army pushed these people into uninhabitable desert and poisoned the only sources of clean water available to them. This systematically run campaign led to the death of anywhere between 25,00 and 100,000 people.

The Panama Canal was an ambitious imperialist project undertaken by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt starting in 1904. The United States assisted Panama in gaining independence from Gran Colombia in 1903 and a year later they were granted the right to begin the massive project. Many people died during the construction of the canal but it was completed in 10 years, facilitating maritime trade by allowing access between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by way of the Caribbean Sea.

Korea was one of the main targets of Japanese imperialism. The Korean peninsula, not divided into two states at the time, was one of the territories the Russian and Japanese fought over during the 1905 Russo-Japanese War. The Japanese emerged as victors and officially annexed the Korean peninsula in 1910, despite discontent from local populations.

After WWI, the fall of the Ottoman Empire lead the Allied Victors to divide up the land the Ottoman’s had formerly controlled. The French and British reached an agreement to divide the land in the Middle East along mostly arbitrary lines. This agreement did not take the affiliations of local tribes into consideration, often confining two warring groups within the same political borders. This agreement has been cited for both the negative perception of Western powers in the Middle East as well as a contributor to sectarian violence in the region.

The Great Partition took place immediately following Indian independence in 1947. The Indian subcontinent that was ruled by the British included a large population of Hindus and a large population of Muslims; populations that, historically, had not always gotten along. During the process of independence it was decided that a majority Hindu nation (India) and a majority Muslim nation (Pakistan) would be formed from the British-ruled Indian subcontinent. 

The United States provided financial and military support to Panamanian rebels seeking independence from Colombia. Panamanian separation from Colombia was achieved in 1903. The primary purpose for American support for the rebellion was so that the United States could construct a canal through the country to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Of all these empires the Ottomans and Austro-Hungarians were most threatened by the emergence of nationalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Whilst all of these nations controlled empires which included foreign people, the empires of Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans contained empires in Europe and the Middle East where nationalism was more prominent.

Ghana (referred to as Gold Coast at the time) gained independence from Britain in 1957. Meanwhile, the other countries all gained independence after 1960: Uganda (1962), Rwanda (1962), Kenya (1963), and Zimbabwe (1980).