This should have been a fairly easy question. The First Amendment protects all of the answer choices present. When speaking about civil liberties, however, it is often helpful to remember that not every right is absolute. The government can, for example, place restrictions on speech (see, e.g. Schenck v. US 249 U.S. 47 (1919)) and religion (see, e.g. Reynolds v. US 98 US 145 (1878)). Particularly with religion, you have a right to believe whatever you want. You may not have a right to act on those beliefs, however. For example, you have an unrestricted right to believe in the Flying Spaghetti Monster (i.e. be a “Pastafarian”—it’s a thing, check it out). You may not, however, have an unrestricted right to go around throwing boiling-hot noodles on people (that is, act on your belief). Do you understand the distinction)?

The 16th Amendment to the Constitution established the federal income tax. "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration." 

The 12th Amendment set up early voting rules for the President and Vice President, which are not longer in use. The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. The 21st Amendment repealed Prohibition. 

The 27th Amendment delays the enactment of Congress's pay changes until after the next election.

"No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened." 

The 24th Amendment eliminated poll taxes. The 15th Amendment gave all citizens the right to vote no matter what their race. The 22nd Amendment  set the term limit for the president.

The correct answer is the 11th Amendment. Although this is a relatively easy question, the underlying issue is actually quite complicated. The 11th Amendment is the source of quite a lot of litigation, and it’s somewhat confusing to apply. Succinctly, and within the realm of your course, the 11th Amendment was passed in the wake of the massively unpopular Supreme Court decision in Chisolm v. GA. At any rate, the 11th Amendment protects states from federal suits by citizens (within certain boundaries beyond the scope of your course).

The correct answer is the 12th Amendment. Interestingly enough, and mostly because the Founders simply didn’t envision political parties, the President and Vice President were the winner and the runner up, respectively, of the Electoral College. Now, theoretically, that may make sense. Realistically, however, think of the perversion that parties create in this system: the most popular party will win President, and the second-most popular (almost necessarily the opposition party) would be the VP. This creates a very unhappy White House; indeed that’s exactly what happened in 1796. John Adams, a Federalist, wins the presidency, and Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican won the second-most votes, thereby securing the vice-presidency.

Provided that you know your history, this should have been a very easy question. The 13th-15th Amendments are often collectively referred to as the “Civil War Amendments,” (AKA "Reconstruction Amendments") for obvious reasons (they were all passed directly after, and in large part a response to, the Civil War). 

The 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery. Contrary to popular belief, the Emancipation Proclamation did not legally abolish slavery (although, perhaps, it may have realistically abolished it). Slavery, technically, was somewhat enshrined in the Constitution (think of the 3/5’s Compromise, for example). Thus, the Radical Republicans pushed the 13th Amendment through Congress in order to ensure that the “peculiar institution” never cropped up again.

The 14th Amendment is the correct answer. Of course, knowledge of the holding in Scott v. Sanford is necessary to answer this question. Remember: the Scott Court held, among other things, that blacks were not and could never be federal citizens! Given that this was an interpretation of the Constitution (rather than a statute, for example) it requires an amendment to overturn it. The 14th Amendment directly overturns the holding re: black federal citizenship, and gives a broad grant of federal citizenship to essentially everyone born or naturalized on US soil.

The 14th Amendment is the correct answer. The 14th Amendment has many important clauses, although the several beginning with “No state shall . . .” are the most important for the purposes of this question. Out of those clauses, arguably the “Equal Protection” Clause and the “Due Process” clauses are the most important. The Due Process clause, for example, has been used to “incorporate” the majority of the Bill of Rights.

This is the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment. It is used, generally, in either racial or gender discrimination cases (although it can be used otherwise). Equal Protection has spawned different “scrutiny” doctrines, however, the details of that are far beyond the scope of your course.