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AP Statistics : Statistical Patterns and Random Phenomena

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Example Questions

Example Question #1 : Independent Random Variable Combination

A hair care company is testing a new shampoo formula for its ability to keep hair clean for longer thanks to a new chemical compound XYZ that should limit oil production.

To test the appropriate strength of the shampoo, they are testing several concentrations of chemical XYZ to and measuring the amount of oil on the participant's scalp after 24 hours. The color of the shampoo will be randomly changed to keep the participants from knowing what shampoo is which strength.

Which of the following is the Dependant variable?

Possible Answers:

Length of Participant Hair

Shampoo Color

Amount of Oil on Participant's Scalp

Concentration of Chemical XYZ in shampoo

Gender

Correct answer:

Amount of Oil on Participant's Scalp

Explanation:

The Independent variable is what the experimenters are directly manipulating-- here, that is the strength of the Chemical XYZ.

The Dependent variable is the variable that changes based on the Independent variable-- in this case, it is the amount of oil on participants' scalps.

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Example Question #193 : Ap Statistics

A group of student researchers want to test the impact of temperature and lighting on the amount of food laboratory rats will eat.

To do this, they will first vary the room temperature (Hot or Cold) and see how much the lab rats eat at each temperature.

They will then vary the lighting (On or Off) and see how much the lab rats eat during each lighting state.

Which of the following is the Dependant Variable?

Possible Answers:

Room Temperature

Mouse Food Intake

Room Lighting

The number of rats

None of the other answers

Correct answer:

Mouse Food Intake

Explanation:

A Dependent variable is what changes based on the independent, manipulated variable.

The Independent variables are the Room Temperature and the Lighting state, which the researchers were manipulating themselves.

The Dependent variable is the Mouse Food Intake, which is the variable that changed based on how the independent variables changed.

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Example Question #194 : Ap Statistics

If is a random variable with a mean of and standard deviation of , what is the mean and standard deviation of ?

Possible Answers:

$\mu = 20, \sigma = \sqrt{20}$

$\mu = 10, \sigma = 10$

$\mu = 20, \sigma = 10$

$\mu = 20, \sigma = 40$

$\mu = 10, \sigma = 20$

Correct answer:

$\mu = 20, \sigma = \sqrt{20}$

Explanation:

Remember how the mean and standard deviation of a random variable are affected when it is multiplied by a constant.

$E(cX)=c\cdot E(X)$

$\mu = 2\cdot 10 = 20$

$\sigma=\sqrt{c^2\cdot 5}$

$\sigma = \sqrt{2^2 \cdot 5} = \sqrt{20}$

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Example Question #195 : Ap Statistics

If you have ten independent random variables $\small X_1,X_2,...,X_{10}$ , normally distributed with mean $\small 0$ and variance $\small 1$ , what is the distribution of the average of the random variables, $\small \small \frac{X_1+X_2+...+X_{10}}{10}?$

Possible Answers:

Normal distribution with mean $\small 0$ and variance $\small 10$ .

Normal distribution with with mean $\small 0$ and variance $\small \frac{1}{10}$ .

Chi-square distribution with $\small 10$ degrees of freedom.

Normal distribution with mean $\small 0$ and variance $\small 1$ .

Correct answer:

Normal distribution with with mean $\small 0$ and variance $\small \frac{1}{10}$ .

Explanation:

Any linear combination of independent random variables is also normally distributed with the mean and variance depending on the weights on the random variables. The mean is additive in the sense that

$\small mean\left(\frac{X_1+...+X_{10}}{10}\right)=\frac{1}{10}\left(mean(X_1)+...+mean(X_{10})\right)$

Each $\small mean(X_i)$ is $\small 0$ , so the sum is equal to zero.

This means the sum of the average

$\small \small \small \frac{X_1+X_2+...+X_{10}}{10}$ is $\small 0$ .

The variance satisfies

$Var\left(\frac{X_1+X_2+...+X_{10}}{10}\right)=\frac{1}{10^2}Var(X_1+...+X_{10})$

$\small =\frac{1}{100}(Var(X_1)+...Var(X_{10}))=\frac{10}{100}=\frac{1}{10}$ because of independence.

This means that the average is normally distributed with mean $\small 0$ and variance $\small \frac{1}{10}$ .

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Example Question #196 : Ap Statistics

Suppose you have three independent normally distributed random variables, $\small X_1,X_2,X_3$ , such that

$\small X_1$ has mean $\small \frac{1}{4}$ and variance $\small \frac{1}{2}$ ,

$\small X_2$ has mean $\small -1$ and variance $\small \frac{3}{8}$ ,

$\small X_3$ has mean $\small \frac{3}{4}$ and variance $\small \frac{1}{8}$ .

What is the probability that the sum, $\small X_1+X_2+X_3$ , is less than $\small -1$ ?

Possible Answers:

$\small 0.1587$

$\small 0.8413$

$\small 0.3431$

$\small 0.6827$

Correct answer:

$\small 0.1587$

Explanation:

There is a relatively simple way of doing this problem. The sum of any set of independent normal random variables is also distributed normally. So $\small X_1+X_2+X_3$ has a normal distribution. Now we can compute the mean and variance. The mean is additive:

$\small mean(X_1+X_2+X_3)=mean(X_1)+mean(X_2)+mean(X_3)$

$\small \small =\frac{1}{4}-1+\frac{3}{4}=0$

Variance is also additive in some sense, when the random variables are independent:

$\small \small Var(X_1+X_2+X_3)=Var(X_1)+Var(X_2)+Var(X_3)$

$\small =\frac{1}{2}+\frac{3}{8}+\frac{1}{8}=1$

Thus, $\small X_1+X_2+X_3$ is normally distributed with mean $\small 0$ and variance $\small 1$ .

This sum is a standard normal distribution.

The chance that $\small X_1+X_2+X_3<-1$ is thus $\small 0.1587$ , if we use a normal table.

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Example Question #1 : How To Find The Mean Of The Sum Of Independent Random Variables

An experiment is conducted on the watermelons that were grown on a small farm. They want to compare the average weight of the melons grown this year to the average weight of last year's melons. Find the mean of this year's watermelons using the following weights:

4 lbs, 5 lbs, 5 lbs, 7 lbs, 10 lbs, 3.5 lbs, 6 lbs, 5 lbs, 6 lbs, 9 lbs

Possible Answers:

3lbs

10lbs

6.05 lbs

5lbs

5.5lbs

Correct answer:

6.05 lbs

Explanation:

To find the mean you sum up all of your values then divide by the total amount of values. The total sum of the weights is 60.5lbs and there are 10 melons. $60.5\div10=60.5lbs$

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Example Question #1 : How To Find The Standard Deviation Of The Sum Of Independent Random Variables

A high school calculus exam is administered to a group of students. Upon grading the exam, it was found that the mean score was 95 with a standard deviation of 12. If one student's z score is 1.10, what is the score that she received on her test?

Possible Answers:

108.2

110.1

105.3

109.2

107.2

Correct answer:

108.2

Explanation:

The z-score equation is given as: z = (X - μ) / σ, where X is the value of the element, μ is the mean of the population, and σ is the standard deviation. To solve for the student's test score (X):

X = ( z * σ) + 95 = ( 1.10 * 12) + 95 = 108.2.

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Example Question #133 : Statistical Patterns And Random Phenomena

and are independent random variables. If has a mean of and standard deviation of while variable has a mean of and a standard deviation of , what are the mean and standard deviation of 2A + B ?

Possible Answers:

$\mu = 9, \sigma = 10$

$\mu = 19, \sigma = 10$

$\mu = 29, \sigma = 20$

$\mu = 15, \sigma = 15$

$\mu = 19, \sigma = 20$

Correct answer:

$\mu = 19, \sigma = 10$

Explanation:

First, find that has $\mu=2\cdot 5 = 10$ and standard deviation $\sigma = 2 \cdot 4 = 8$ .

Then find the mean and standard deviation of 2A + B .

$\mu = 10 + 9 = 19$

$\sigma = \sqrt{8^2 + 6^2} = \sqrt{100} = 10$

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Example Question #134 : Statistical Patterns And Random Phenomena

Consider the discrete random variable $\small X$ that takes the following values with the corresponding probabilities:

with $\small \small P(X=1)=\frac{1}{4}$
$\small X=2$ with $\small \small P(X=2)=\frac{1}{4}$
$\small X=3$ with $\small \small P(X=3)=\frac{1}{4}$
$\small X=4$ with $\small P(X=4)=\frac{1}{4}$

Compute the variance of the distribution.

Possible Answers:

$\small .625$

$\small 0.3125$

$\small 1.25$

$\small 1.75$

Correct answer:

$\small 1.25$

Explanation:

The variance of a discrete random variable is computed as

$\small Var(X)=\sum_x (x-\mathbb{E}[x])^2P(X=x)$

for all the values of $\small x$ that the random variable $\small X$ can take.

First, we compute $\small \mathbb{E}[X]$ , which is the expected value. In this case, it is $\small 2.5$ .

So we have

$\small \small Var(X)=\frac{1}{4}(1-2.5)^2+\frac{1}{4}(2-2.5)^2+\frac{1}{4}(3-2.5)^2+\frac{1}{4}(4-2.5)^2$

$\small =\frac{1}{4}(2(1.5^2)+2(0.5^2))=\frac{1}{4}(2(2.25)+2(0.25))=\frac{1}{4}(4.5+0.5)$

$\small \small =\frac{5}{4}=1.25$

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Example Question #131 : Statistical Patterns And Random Phenomena

Clothes 4 Kids uses standard boxes to ship their clothing orders and the mean weight of the clothing packed in the boxes is pounds. The standard deviation is pounds. The mean weight of the boxes is pound with a standard deviation of 0.15 pounds. The mean weight of the plastic packaging is pounds per box, with a 0.25 pound standard deviation. What is the standard deviation of the weights of the packed boxes?

Possible Answers:

$20.01\:\mbox{pounds}$

$24.00\:\mbox{pounds}$

$2.021\:\mbox{pounds}$

$4.085\:\mbox{pounds}$

$21.01\:\mbox{pounds}$

Correct answer:

$2.021\:\mbox{pounds}$

Explanation:

Note that the weight of a packed box = weight of books + weight of box + weight of packing material used.

It is given that $\sigma_{books} = 2\: \mbox{pounds}, \sigma_{box} = 0.15\: \mbox{pounds}, \mbox{and}\: \sigma_{plastic packaging} = 0.25\: \mbox{pounds}$ .

The calculation of the standard deviation of the weights of the packed boxes is

$\\ \sigma_{packed boxes} = \sqrt{\sigma_{clothes} ^{2} + \sigma_{clothes} ^{2} + \sigma _{plastic packaging}^{2}} \\ \\ = \sqrt{2^{2}+ 0.15^{2} + 0.25^{2}} \\ = 2.021\: \mbox{pounds}$

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AP Statistics : Statistical Patterns and Random Phenomena

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Statistics

All AP Statistics Resources

Example Questions

Example Question #1 : Independent Random Variable Combination

Example Question #193 : Ap Statistics

Example Question #194 : Ap Statistics

Example Question #195 : Ap Statistics

Example Question #196 : Ap Statistics

Example Question #1 : How To Find The Mean Of The Sum Of Independent Random Variables

Example Question #1 : How To Find The Standard Deviation Of The Sum Of Independent Random Variables

Example Question #133 : Statistical Patterns And Random Phenomena

Example Question #134 : Statistical Patterns And Random Phenomena

Example Question #131 : Statistical Patterns And Random Phenomena

All AP Statistics Resources

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