Familiarity is crucial for many animals when forming attachment during the critical period. This period is an optimal period where certain events must take place for proper development. A widely known example is with ducklings and chicks. Their critical periods occur shortly after hatching where they will attach to the first moving object they see—usually their mothers. This process of attachment is known as imprinting; therefore, imprinting would be an incorrect answer.  

While human children do not go through the imprinting process, familiarity does still play an important role. Children will become attached and show fondness toward things they already know and have been exposed to. 

Nourishment, warmth, and security would be incorrect answers because while they seem logical, they are dimensions of body contact and touch. These were qualities that were identified in the Harlow monkey experiment. 

The three parenting types that have been identified are authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive; therefore, “passive” and “aggressive” would be incorrect answers.

“Authoritative” and “authoritarian” may be easily confused because of their similar spelling. The authoritative parenting style is when parents are both demanding and responsive. While they exert control, they also explain and show reason. For instance, parents may set rules but encourage discussion with their children while doing so. Studies have indicated that the authoritative parenting usually has a high correlation with children that possess the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence rather than the "too hard" or "too soft" approaches that are represented by the other parenting types.

The three parenting types that have been identified are authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive; therefore, “passive” and “aggressive” would be incorrect answers.

“Authoritative” and “authoritarian” may be easily confused because of their similar spelling. The authoritarian parenting style is when parents merely impose rules and restrictions while expecting obedience. While they exert control, they do not explain or show reason. For instance, they may exhibit demands (e.g. "Don't interrupt" or "Why? Because I said so"). Studies have indicated that this "too hard" parenting usually correlates with children with low self-esteem and low social competence, unlike the "just right" and "too soft" parenting styles.

The three parenting types that have been identified are authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive; therefore, “passive” and “aggressive” would be incorrect answers.

Permissive is essentially a passive take on parenting. It has also been called the "too soft" parenting method. This is when the parents will submit to their children's desires. There will be very few demands from their child while very little punishment. The parents will make very little effort to exert any kind of control. Research has indicated a correlation with children reared by permissive parents tending to grow up to be aggressive and immature.

Erik Erikson was a theorist who believed each stage of life has its own task to overcome. The stages included: infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. He assigned each stage an approximate age range.

In terms of the infancy stage (from birth to one year old), Erikson believed the issue to be resolved was associated with trust versus mistrust. His understanding was that as long as the child's needs are met through being dependent, the infant would be able to develop a sense of basic trust. If needs were not met, then the child would develop a sense of mistrust.

While the other provided options are staged in Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, they each have their own tasks such as initiative versus guilt or identity versus role confusion. 

Erik Erikson was a theorist who believed each stage of life has its own task to overcome. The stages included: infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. He assigned each stage an approximate age range.

In terms of the toddlerhood stage (from one to three years of age), Erikson believed the issue be resolved was associated with autonomy versus shame and doubt. His understanding was that a toddler would begin to do things for itself and exercise its will. If the toddler does not exercise its autonomy, then he or she will doubt its own abilities.

While the other provided options are stages in Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, they each have their own tasks such as trust versus mistrust or identity versus role confusion.

In this experiment, Harry and Margaret Harlow used a cylinder wire “mother” that had a feeding bottle attached to it and a terry cloth “mother” had no feeding source. The dominating theory of the time hypothesized that infants were attached to those that provided nourishment. If this were true, then the monkey would have been expected to cling to the wire cylinder “mother” with the feeding source. The test monkeys were observed and it was noted that they possessed a tendency to cling to the terry cloth surrogate mothers. They not only showed an overwhelming preference for this surrogate but also were visibly distressed when separated from the terry cloth figure. Researchers noticed that the baby monkeys would cling to the soft mother in times of distress or anxiety. Similarly, human children have been observed to use their parents as secure bases when exploring new environments. This experiment led researchers to realize that it was body contact and touch as opposed to nourishment that created the grounds for attachment.

The developmental factor described in the scenario is the social/biological clock (i.e. the invisible time-bound expectation that young adults have regarding the order in which life events such as career, marriage, and parenthood must occur). When they begin to have these transitions out of order or these transitions are delayed, it may cause distress in certain individuals. 

Traditional marriages include men and women assuming typical gender roles where the husband is the "breadwinner" and the wife is the "homemaker." On the other hand, egalitarian marriages involve men and women taking on and balancing roles and responsibilities within the family and at work.

As the adult child, an individual often fulfills the role of parent and caretaker for two generations, which is called the "sandwich generation." The remaining choices are distractors.