Broca’s area controls language expression and the muscle movements involved in speech. If it is damaged, then the ability to speak can be hindered or lost. 

A phoneme is the smallest distinguishable unit in language. This unit may have many different representations according to their phonetic environment. For instance, /f/ is a phoneme in English. /f/ sounds more like a "v" in "of" (ov) and a "f" in "forget" (forget). The phoneme still remains /f/ despite the variety in representations.

The correct answer was this: the article "the" must come before a noun due to the rule concerning proper noun phrases in English. Syntax is primarily concerned with how to combine words according to the grammatical rules of a language. For instance, according to the syntax of English, determiners will always come before both the adjective and noun in a noun phrase. Hence, we say "the happy dog" instead of "dog happy the".

This is a classic example of structural ambiguity in English. That is, ambiguity in meaning caused by two different structural interpretations. When "avoid" and "biting" are interpreted as closer together, you get the meaning "do not bite dogs". When "biting" and "dogs" are interpreted as closer together, you get the meaning "avoid dangerous dogs who bite".

Noam Chomsky believes that we biologically inherit a "Language Acquisition Device" that is responsible for acquiring our native language. Though there has been a lot of opposition from those who support that our environment predominantly shapes us, the evidence is in favor of Chomsky's view. The reasons are the following:

Despite not being able to hear any languages spoken, deaf children make up languages.

Children will try out different grammatical rules that are not apart of the language they are exposed to. For instance, a child learning English may be found trying out Swiss forms of negation despite never hearing a single word of Swiss.

Children acquire language rapidly and efficiently.

Language development occurs in similar stages among children across different cultures.

Animal forms of communication do not have rules for combining the symbols they use. The closest form of animal communication to humans is found among apes. Yet even when taught language in various studies, apes could not distinguish the different between "I eat an apple" or "Apple eat I". The rules that make this distinction are essential components of human language that are not found in animal communication.

A "concept" is a mental category that groups similar objects, events, qualities, or actions. It summarizes information, enabling us to think quickly. We usually acquire a large amount of concepts when we are younger. For instance, when we are young we learn what color means and what this concept embodies. We learn that an animal is any being that is animate and possesses a nervous system. These concepts help us quickly process information so that we are not always trying to figure out semantic meaning.

A "prototype" is a typical example of a concept. That is, it is a part of the data set that a concept embodies and is most commonly though of when the concept is being referenced. For instance, when we think of the concept of color we will more often think of blue instead of black, where blue is more representative of the concept of "color" then black is.

Although there are many systems of communication present in nature, that doesn't mean they are all considered languages. There are certain properties of human language that make it universally distinct from all other forms of communication. These properties, as laid out by linguists, are generativity, universal comprehension, symbolic representation and rules for how the symbols are combined. The ability to talk about things that are not immediately apparent is included in symbolic representation, which most other systems of communication do not include.

Empiricism states that sensory input informs learning, and that learning is a series of trial and error processes.