When listening to a sentence, using given information to connect new information to memory is known as the “given-new strategy.” Although the other answers may sound correct, the given-new strategy is a technical linguistic term for what happens when we process sentences. When someone says, "I like eating out too,” the speaker is relying on already established information to add new information. The old information is that the listener has already expressed they like eating out. The new information is that the person speaking also enjoys eating out. 

Establishing common ground is a commonly studied linguistic phenomenon that happens in conversational exchange. It is the way parties negotiate what the shared knowledge is in the exchange group and henceforth able to continue with the exchange. It is important to find the common knowledge quickly so as to make the interaction efficient. If a person is talking about buying a red chair, then they will not need to say "I need to buy a red chair at a store.” This is because it is common knowledge that things are typically bought at a store of some kind.

Conversational implicature is the meaning that is conveyed in an utterance that is not explicitly stated. For instance, I ask my friend when she'll be ready to go out and she replies, "make yourself a drink". This is by no means a direct answer to my question, which requests for an amount of time. What is implied is that by the time I will have made a drink and drunk it, she will be ready. This is the conversational implicature.

Prosody is a linguistic term in phonology. After the speaker subconsciously works out which sounds are involved in their utterance, prosody brings all of these sounds together. The prosodic rules of English will determine the stress of each word, the stress of the sentence, the intonation, and rhythm of the sentence as a whole. Although these rules may be "musical" in a certain respect, the technical linguistic term is prosody.

A "whimperative" is a linguistic term which is made from "wh" to signify question words and "imperative" to mean commands. A whimperative is a command in the form of a question. The command is thus not fully meant as a question but as a strong request that a person may chose to accept or deny. This is seen almost everywhere such as the following:

"Could you pass the salt?"

"Would you give me a hand with this?"

"Can you please keep it down?"

Note that the construction is primarily made up of conditionals such as "will/could/can/would" as opposed to questions words "who/what/when/why.” Question words signify a request for information. The constructions are such that the answer can only be a yes or no. 

Early research from the mid-twentieth century seemingly identified a critical period of language learning ability that cuts off after puberty; however, Johnson and Newport challenged this finding in 1989. They studied data from second-language learners and found that, while second-language acquisition prior to age 7 is identical in proficiency to first-language acquisition, learning ability decreases gradually into adulthood—not suddenly with the onset of puberty. This relationship has led researchers to interpret developmental changes in language learning ability as corresponding with lifelong changes in neuroplasticity, rather than puberty specifically.

A phoneme is a single speech sound that cannot be broken down any further. For example, the word mom can be broken down into the sounds “mm,” “ah,” and “mm,” but those three individual sounds cannot be broken down any further and are considered phonemes. A morpheme could be defined as one of “the smallest units of language that conveys meaning.” Syntax is a language’s set of “rules for constructing meaningful speech.” In linguistics, “an incorrect usage of language” that does not abide by a language’s syntactical and semantic rules, which govern sentence construction and word meaning respectively, is termed ungrammatical.

According to the nativist theory, we are born with a language acquisition device that allows us to learn language as children. We are all born with this mechanism, regardless of what language we speak or what methods of instruction are used to teach us how to speak. 

The language acquisition device is a hypothetical construct crafted by Chomsky that indicates that humans are unique in their ability to understand language from a young age. Young infants can acquire and produce language and begin to understand both its syntax and grammar. In this way, only humans can understand language, as humans are the only species that have such a disposition from birth (as opposed to developing such a disposition from exposure to language).

Onsets are consonants that begin a syllable. The onset of the syllable [bat] is [b]. Codas are consonants that end a syllable. The coda of the syllable [bat] is [t].

Generally speaking, languages tend to prefer to have syllable structures that have an onset but no coda. For instance, there are theoretically two different ways to syllabify the word "kitten". It could be [kit]-[ten] where the [t] is a coda of [kit]. Or, the way we actually say it, [ki][tten] where the first syllable has no coda at all.

There are of course exceptions that can't be discussed at length here, but this is a general phonological rule that guides sound structure.