La Niña usually results in a warming of the water along the equator, which changes weather patterns across the world. South America experiences a severe drought, while precipitation is pushed South towards Africa.

The correct response is dew point. This is a measurement of the temperature at which water vapor will condense. If the dew point temperature and air temperature are within a few degrees of each other, then fog is likely.

The correct response is climate. The word climate refers to constant weather patterns over many years. The word weather refers to the day-to-day conditions. 

Trade Winds are a result of hot air from the equator rising, cooling and then sinking and dispersing within the 30 N to 30 S range, with a range of 30 degrees on both sides of the equator.

Atmospheric circulation is the process in which air heated at a lower altitude rises because it is less dense than cold air, and the resulting cooling and dispersal/fall of the chilled air results in a natural circulation of air in the atmosphere.

An easy way to know where the weather occurs in the atmosphere is to think of clouds. Since clouds are where precipitation originates and another form of a cloud can be low dwelling fog, you know that weather must appear close to the earths surface, and the lowest part of the atmosphere is the Troposphere.

The correct response is "Hadley." George Hadley developed the theory of the Hadley Cell. This is the only answer choice that referred to a scientist that studied atmospheric movements. Two of the answer choices have nothing to do with the atmosphere and they are general theories of ecology such as the Janzen-Connell hypothesis regarding biodiversity and the Hardy-Weinberg principle that is associated with genotype frequencies. Last, Mason and McLeod were fabricated for the sake of the question.

The Coriolis effect is the interaction between an object traveling on Earth and the rotation of the Earth. Objects appear to be moving in straight lines, but are actually moving in curves in space.

All of the products are exchanged except for nitrogen dioxide; most nitrates are exchanged between the soil and the atmosphere. Oxygen is readily exchanged between air masses and water masses during the water cycle. Carbon dioxide is also absorbed by the oceans from air masses through gas exchange. Lastly, heat is also exchanged mainly due to the differences in specific heat content of water and the surrounding air. 

Unlike the other processes, driving a hybrid vehicle does not actively remove carbon from the atmosphere. Trees and native flora that are planted absorb atmospheric carbon, fossilization removes carbon from the active recycling of carbon, and carbon dioxide readily dissolves in seawater. Driving a hybrid car releases less carbon into the atmosphere than driving one powered solely by fossil fuels; however, driving a hybrid vehicle does not actively remove carbon from the atmosphere. Hybrid vehicles produce fewer carbon emissions, but they do not take carbon out of the atmosphere.