Germ cells give rise to gametes through meiosis. All of the other organisms listed are asexually reproducing organisms and therefore only undergo mitosis. 

Nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes may occur in anaphase I and nondisjunction of sister chromatids may occur in anaphase II. 

Independent assortment depends upon random alignment of homologous chromosomes in metaphase I which will result in randomly assorted chromosomes into two daughter cells at the end of meiosis I. Crossover, or recombination, occurs in prophase I which contributes to genetic diversity, but does not affect random alignment of homologous chromosomes. Spindles align chromosomes randomly in metaphase I, not anaphase I during which they are already "aligned" and are moving towards opposite poles of the cell.

In meiosis, the gametes are haploid having half the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell.  The gametes are the egg or sperm cells that combine in sexual reproduction.

Random rearranging of alleles on chromosomes that occurs as a result of homologous pairs lining up during metaphase is known as independent assortment and is a factor in genetic diversity. Cytokinesis is the physical process for cell division. Glycolysis is the process of breaking down sugars to generate ATP. G1 phase is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. Mitosis only has one metaphase, since the question stem indicates metaphase I, we know that the overall process is meiosis, during which there are two cell divisions.

Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells, which have half the chromosomes of diploid cells. Diploid cells are produced by mitosis. Transcription produces messenger RNA, and translation produces a chain of amino acids that is protein.

Only meiosis produces daughter cells that have half the number of copied chromosomes as the parent cells. This occurs in meiosis II and the importance of having daughter cells that are haploid is that fusion of those cells during sexual reproduction will create a cell with a normal amount of copied chromosomes (diploid), not more or less. Since mitosis deals with asexual reproduction there is no need to make haploid daughter cells.

Mitosis and meiosis, then, are two forms of cellular division and like all processes they can have problems.

DNA is both replicated (interphase) and pulled apart (anaphase) in both processes. Meiosis just goes through the cycle an additional time.

Finally, microtubules are the main component in the mitotic spindle for both meiosis and mitosis.

During anaphase I, it is just like mitosis. There is a pair of homologous chromosomes (two X's) and they separate into two daughter cells. Anaphase II is a continuation of cellular division so instead of separating a pair of homologous chromosomes it separates sister chromatids of one chromosome (one X) into two daughter cells.

The stages of meiosis are just like mitosis except that the division is done twice for every cell and that there are roman numerals for each division (I = 2n to 2n, II = 2n to n).

Overall, there will be four daughter cells for each parent cell in meiosis. For mitosis there are only two daughter cells for each parent cell.

Pyruvate decarboxylation is an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, or an oxidation reaction where a carboxylate group is removed. This reaction converts pyruvate which was produced through glycolysis to acetyl CoA to be used in the Citric Acid Cycle.