Francisco Goya is from Spain.

Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) was one of the very first well known American painters. During the Revolutionary Era, Stuart became essentially the "court painter" of the early American government because of his portraits of leading figures. Stuart's work includes the most famous portraits of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and many other of America's Founding Fathers.

Watteau's specialty was fête galante, a style of eighteenth-century painting that depicts aristocrats walking through forested scenes. Ceiling paintings were painted by Giambattista Tiepolo. Satirical pieces during the Rococo era included William Hogarth's Marriage à la Mode. Grand manner is a style of eighteenth-century works that featured figures posed as ancient statues or accompanied by classical architectural features. 

Johannes Vermeer, one of the most renowned painters of the Dutch Golden Age, is known for his portrayals of genre scenes that most often depicted women. Many of his compositions show a single figure framed by the light emanating from a window.

Image: Young Woman with a Water Pitcher by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1660–1665). From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_with_a_Water_Jug#/media/File:Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_019.jpg.

While Diego Velazquez had many similarities to his Baroque contemporaries, notably a strong contrast between light and dark elements, he also had a number of distinguishing characteristics. Velazquez' portrayal of his subjects was much more unflinching than other seventeenth century artists, demonstrating an ability to accurately but sympathetically show the faults of his subjects. Additionally, the color palette used by the Spaniard Velazquez was more muted than painters in other parts of Europe in the 1600s.

Image is in the public domain, accessed through Wikipedia Media Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Las_Meninas,_by_Diego_Velázquez,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg

While an etching rather than his signature paintings, this work shows many hallmarks of the artist Rembrandt van Rijn, which were also signature elements of his fellow artists working in the Netherlands. Self-Portrait with Saskia, which is shown here, not only pictures Rembrandt, but also focuses on everyday people in everyday clothing. The work also has a number of examples of strong contrast, which was a hallmark of Dutch Golden Age painting.

Image is in the public domain, accessed through Wikipedia Media Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Self-portrait_with_Saskia.jpg

This work by Rembrandt van Rijn, known as Self-Portrait with Saskia, is one of his many etchings. An etching, which involved carving an image into a metal plate, then printing it onto paper, was an easier work to produce than a large-scale painting and easier to reproduce. Etchings were much more commonly passed around Europe, making Rembrandt's fame in the seventeenth century much more than his paintings.

Image is in the public domain, accessed through Wikipedia Media Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Self-portrait_with_Saskia.jpg

Rembrandt van Rijn was one of the great masters of the Dutch Golden Age of painting during the seventeenth century. His style was notable for featuring bold colors and dramatic lighting in "everyday scenes" of commonfolk, as well as portraits and scenes out of the Bible. Almost all of Rembrandt's paintings featured people, and he almost never drew landscapes.

The term neoclassicism can be broken down into two parts: "Neo" and "Classic." This refers to the fact that is a new ("neo") interpretation of classic architectural and artistic concepts pioneered by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Art Deco and Art Nouveau are movements firmly planted in the twentieth century, and Mannerism and the Renaissance are much too far in the past to even be considered for a question that is about an eighteenth-through-twenty-first-century artistic movement.

Joseph Wright of Derby painted A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery. It was painted between 1763 and 1765 CE. He was later considered the unofficial artist of the Enlightenment as a result of his paintings that largely had to do with scientific topics.

Image is in the public domain, accessed through Wikipedia Media Commons: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wright_of_Derby,_The_Orrery.jpg