Athens is best known for practicing democracy in the Classic Period, so they would be the best choice. Sparta was ruled by two kings for most of its history, so it would not be a good answer. Macedon was the kingdom that produced Alexander the Great and they were not known for democracy, so that would not be a good choice. Lastly, both Argos and Corinth were Greek city-states, however neither of them were known for democracy, so they would not be good answers either. 

Cylon is most notable for leading a failed coup against the Athenian government in the seventh century BCE. This event is particularly notable because it is the first reliable recorded and dated event in Athenian history, and because it demonstrates the nature of Athenian power struggles during the Archaic Era.

In modern times, we remember ancient Athenian society as the birthplace of democracy, and in many ways, this is not an incorrect association. It is worth noting, however, that in Athenian society only free, adult, native, male citizens of the city could vote. This meant that the vast majority of the population remained completely excluded from the political process.

Diogenes of Sinope is a noted cynic more remembered for his prominent role in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche and various stories about him than his actually enumerated philosophical thinking. Diogenes rejected the academic life, and was never a member of Plato's Academy. In fact, Diogenes' most notable interaction with Plato came when Diogenes humiliated Plato by disproving Plato's definition of a man. While Diogenes did wander between cities, he was not a religious ascetic.

It is true that Diogenes lived in an empty wine bucket by choice. For some time his only possession was a wooden bowl, which he destroyed after seeing a peasant boy eat with his hands. He would also wander the streets in broad daylight carrying a lantern and shouting that he was looking for a just man.

Sophistry went on to become a somewhat pejorative designation for certain kinds of philosophy and logic. As a social group, however, Sophists were simply traveling intellectuals who taught rich Greek youths for money.

In his most famous work The Republic, Plato presents his idea of a government ruled by “Philosopher Kings.” Plato believed that in order for society to be ruled benevolently and most effectively either philosophers needed to rule or kings needed to embrace philosophy.

In the ancient Greek pantheon, Hermes was the messenger God. Hermes often appears in Greek mythology as a guide for heroes and assists them in their quests.

Aristotle was a student of Plato and attended the Academy in Athens, as well as tutoring Alexander the Great, so he would be the best choice. Socrates predated the Academy and taught Plato himself, so he would not be a good choice for this question. Epicurus was a child roughly when Alexander the Great was coming to power and Archimedes lived many years after him, so neither of them would be good answers.

Plato is arguably most famous for The Allegory of the Cave, in which he describes the World of Forms, and he founded the Academy, so he would be the best choice. Socrates was Plato's teacher and he did not have a concept of the World of Forms, so he would not be a good answer. Aristotle was taught by Plato and he attended the Academy himself, so he would not be the best choice. Lastly, Epicurus and Archimedes did not conceive of the World of Forms nor did they have any ties to the Academy, so they would not be good choices for this question.

Demeter is the Greek Goddess of fertility and the harvest. She is important in Greek mythology because she is believed to have introduced agriculture to the prehistoric Greek people. Demeter was revered in ancient Greek society and was the subject of widespread cult worship.