The answer can be found two different ways. The first step is to realize that this is really a triangle question, even though it starts with a square. By drawing the square out and adding the diagonal, you can see that you form two right triangles. Furthermore, the diagonal bisects two ninety-degree angles, thereby making the resulting triangles a  triangle. 

From here you can go one of two ways: using the Pythagorean Theorem to find the diagonal, or recognizing the triangle as a  triangle.

1) Using the Pythagorean Theorem

Once you recognize the right triangle in this question, you can begin to use the Pythagorean Theorem. Remember the formula: , where  and  are the lengths of the legs of the triangle, and  is the length of the triangle's hypotenuse.

In this case, . We can substitute these values into the equation and then solve for , the hypotenuse of the triangle and the diagonal of the square:

The length of the diagonal is .

2) Using Properties of  Triangles

The second approach relies on recognizing a  triangle. Although one could solve this rather easily with Pythagorean Theorem, the following method could be faster.

 triangles have side length ratios of , where  represents the side lengths of the triangle's legs and  represents the length of the hypotenuse.

In this case,  because it is the side length of our square and the triangles formed by the square's diagonal.

Therefore, using the  triangle ratios, we have  for the hypotenuse of our triangle, which is also the diagonal of our square.

Recall that an isosceles right triangle is also a  triangle. It has sides that appear as follows:

Therefore, the area of the triangle is:

, since the base and the height are the same.

For our data, this means:

Solving for , you get:

So, your triangle looks like this:

Now, you can solve this with a ratio and easily find that it is .  You also can use the Pythagorean Theorem. To do the latter, it is:

Now, just do your math carefully:

That is a weird kind of factoring, but it makes sense if you distribute back into the group. This means you can simplify:

The pole and its shadow make a right angle. Because they are the same length, they form an isosceles right triangle (45/45/90). We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the hypotenuse. . In this case, . Therefore, we do . So . 

To solve, simply use the Pythagorean Theorem.

Recall that an isosceles right triangle has two leg lengths that are equal.

Therefore, to solve for the hypotenuse let  and  in the Pythagorean Theorem.

Thus,

Based on the description of your triangle, you can draw the following figure:

You can do this because you know:

1. The two equivalent sides are given.
2. Since a triangle is  degrees, you have only  or  degrees left for the two angles of equal size. Therefore, those two angles must be  degrees and  degrees.

Now, based on the properties of an isosceles triangle, you can draw the following as well:

Based on your standard reference  triangle, you know:

Therefore,  is .

This means that  is  and the total base of the triangle is .

Now, the area of the triangle is:

 or 

Use the formula for area of a triangle:

1. Find the height of the triangle:

2. Use the formula for area of a triangle:

Based on the description of this question, you can draw your triangle as such. We can do this thanks to the nature of an isosceles triangle:

Now, you know that the area of a triangle is defined as:

So, for our data, we can say:

Solving for , we get:

Thus, .

Now, for our little triangle on the right, we can draw:

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we know that the other side is:

This can be simplified to:

Now, we know that this side is the "equal" side of the isosceles triangle. Therefore, we can know that the total perimeter is:

Based on the description of this question, you can draw your triangle as such.  We can do this thanks to the nature of an isosceles triangle:

Now, you know that the area of a triangle is defined as:

So, for our data, we can say:

Solving for , we get:

Thus, .

Now, for our little triangle on the right, we can draw:

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we know that the other side is:

This can be simplified to:

Now, we know that this side is the "equal" side of the isosceles triangle. Therefore, we can know that the total perimeter is:

Based on the description of your triangle, you can draw the following figure:

You can do this because you know:

1. The two equivalent sides are given.
2. Since a triangle is  degrees, you have only  or  degrees left for the two angles of equal size. Therefore, those two angles must be  degrees and  degrees. 

Now, based on the properties of an isosceles triangle, you can draw the following as well:

Based on your standard reference  triangle, you know:

Therefore,  is .

This means that  is , and the total base of the triangle is .

Now, the area of the triangle is:

 or