This is a percentage problem, so it is important to know that 40% of some value is equal to 0.4 of said value.  So to find 40% of $40, we multiply 40 * 0.40, which equals 16.  This 16 represents 40% of the original value of $40. So if a student was to spend 40% less than they usually spend, we would subtract $16, which is 40% of the original value, from $40, giving us an answer of $24.  

The proportion of pennies before 1983 would be np. Therefore, the pennies dated 1983 or later would be n(1-p).

To convert a percentage to a decimal, you must add a decimal two points to the left from the right hand side. Thus,

To find a decimal from a percentage, divide the percentage value by . In this case, convert the fraction to a decimal first:

To convert from a percentage to a decimal, divide the decimal by . In this case, we can add the percentages first.

The original price of the jacket is $53 and there's a discount applied that's close to being 50% off. Therefore we know the right answer should be a little greater than $26.50. This allows for the elimination of $24, $23.85 and $8.63 as options for viable answers. 

This problem requires transitioning percentages into decimals as currency. In this case, it's helpful to keep in mind .

Using the information given, this skeleton would look like .

The intention of this is to see what 45% of $53.00 is. The is is what is being found, so it can be labeled as x. Using cross multiplication, x is calculated to be $23.85. X is what 45% of $53 is. Now the final calculation can be calculated through subtracting the x value from the jacket's original price .

In this question, information about 5 groups of students is included but isn't expressed in the table nor is it expressed in terms of a percentage. 

The sample the student took, despite how many students were interviewed, will have all the percents add up to 100% - as in the case with any study with percent breakdowns. The number of prospective Linguistic students is given (37), and it's know they're a part of the 100% the sample provides. To determine their percent, all the other intended majors percents must be subtracted from the total (100%). 

Once this information has been uncovered, this problem becomes a matter of being able to calculate what 37 is 6% of. This can be uncovered through the use of . In this question, the percent and "is" is known. The goal is to find what the "of" is. The of will provide the total number of students surveyed. Denoting the "of" as x, substituting all information in, and undergoing cross multiplication will provide the final answer. 

Given that fractions of a person cannot be surveyed, the final answer must be rounded to the nearest whole number. 

To convert a decimal into a percent is fairly straightforward. Begin with your original decimal value:

Then, move your decimal point to the right by two:

Strip off any leading zeroes, add a percent sign, and you are good to go!

To find a percentage from a decimal, multiply the decimal by .

To find a percentage from a decimal, mutiply the decimal by .