Sit-ins at lunch counters, on buses, and other places were ways for supporters of integration to demonstrate non-violently their opposition to blacks and whites having to sit separately in restaurants, lunch counters, and buses. While Martin Luther King supported such nonviolent forms of protest, he did not specifically support affirmative action, as he was focused on securing more basic rights for the racially and socially pressed in American society.

Hughes was a very famous poet of this period. He was one of the first African-Americans to support himself as a writer. He wrote stories and poetry about the lives of the people of Harlem and New York. 

Direct Relief is when the government gives money, or something of value, directly to a citizen. While relief can be given to businesses or local governments, these require a middle-man to give relief to the person thus making the relief indirect.

This should have been a relatively simple question. Andrew Carnegie quite famously wrote in The Gospel of Wealth that the very wealthy had a moral duty to help their less fortunate brothers and sisters. Carnegie, of course, fulfilled the obligations that he prescribed for others: Carnegie remains one of the greatest philanthropists in all of American history.

The Gospel of Wealth was published in 1889. 

The TVA, or Tennessee Valley Authority, changed the face of the Appalachian region. First, it literally changed the landscape, as it constructed different dams necessary to build reservoirs for hydroelectric power that completely obliterated various landmarks, homes, and ancestral graveyards when they impounded water and flooded regions. This is the negative effect of the TVA. In addition, the TVA figuratively changed the landscape by bringing power to a region that many social scientists have compared to a third world country. This is the positive effect of the TVA.

All of these answers are correct. The so-called “fireside chats” were the first time that a president had ever reached out “directly” (via the radio) to the American people. Generally speaking, Americans heard from their President only relatively rarely, or during election season. By reaching out, FDR attempted to assuage America’s fears, and keep the populace updated on what he was doing and why.

The Supreme Court case of Muller v. Oregon upheld the state law of Oregon to limit the number of hours women could work, in order to protect their health. In the majority verdict the court stated that the physical well-being of women was an object of public interest, in order that the strength and vigor of the American people should be sustained.

The Magna Carta is a famous document from English history, written in 1215. It helped ensure limited democratic participation for a collection of prominent English barons against the tyrannical rule of King John. It is often hailed as one of the earliest assurances of democratic process in western history; however, it applied only to a very slim percentage of the population—only the highest of the upper classes. When Samuel Gompers called the Clayton Anti-Trust Act “the working man’s Magna Carta” he was echoing a commonly held belief that, after the passage of the Act, the working man was finally as free and enfranchised as the wealthy class. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act was designed to ensure fair competition in the workplace and marketplace, along with competitive wages and benefits for the working class. Whether or not it achieved this in practice is up for debate, as many businesses fused into a single corporations and were able to derive the benefits of a cartel in a legal fashion. What is certain, however, is that the Clayton Anti-Trust Act was a significant event in the correcting of social and economic injustices in early twentieth-century America. 

Marcus Garvey was a prominent member of the movement to advance the status of blacks in America, and indeed the world. He believed strongly in Black Nationalism and advocated for the return of America’s black population to Africa, as well as the removal of European colonial influence on that continent. Garvey was a controversial figure throughout his political life—he staunchly opposed W.E.B. Dubois and the NAACP, once meeting with the leader of the Ku Klux Klan: calling the Klan’s racism the most honest form of white supremacy.

The Just Say No campaign was a reaction to the growth of drug use and the emergence (into public knowledge) of sexually transmitted diseases—most notably HIV—in the 1980s and 1990s. It aimed to prevent young people from experimenting with drugs or engaging in unprotected sex. The campaign was created and championed by First Lady Nancy Reagan.