New York was founded by the Dutch in 1614 as New Amsterdam, and fully settled by the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1621.  All of the other answer choices were colonies founded by the English.  The best clue to the correct answer is the name Pieter Stuyvesant, which should indicate the correct answer will be a non-English settlement.

Spain and France were regional and global rivals to the British Empire at the time of the Revolutionary War. France, in particular, required little convincing to provide financial support to the colonial revolution. As the war progressed and it became clearer that the Americans could, and probably would, emerge victorious, France began to contribute more and more to the Revolutionary cause. They sent out military tacticians and generals to assist in training, discipline and strategy. They provided arms and ships. And eventually joined the war effort and helped end the war with the assistance of their navy. 

The Consitution enumerates multiple powers given explictly to Congress in Article One, that are not given to the other branches of the government. Among these is the specific power to declare war on behalf of the United States Government. Despite this, the President is Commander in Chief of the United States military, and is in charge of the military in any conflict.

In Paris, on February 6th, 1778, the United States of America signed a treaty of alliance with France, promising military support for the U.S., in the face of British attacks. It is known as the Treaty of Allliance with France.

In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I of England decided to begin colonizing North America, particularly because rivals France and Spain had already established settlements of their own. Sir Walter Raleigh, one of Elizabeth's favorites and noted landowner in Ireland, was given charge of settling Virginia, then considered a broad swath of the middle of the continent, and founded a settlement called Roanoke. The colony was star-crossed, however, and when Raleigh returned to check on it in 1587, no trace of the colony could be found. Permanent, lasting English settlement was not achieved until 1603 at Jamestown, north of the Roanoke site.

Georgia was founded in 1733, years after all of the other colonies that would eventually make up the United States of America in 1776.  Georgia was founded as a refuge for debtors and as a barrier between the existing colonies and the Spanish presence in Florida.

Arnold was in charge of a wide swath of land and a good number of troops in the New York and Pennsylvania area.  His plan to surrender everything in his command was uncovered in 1780, bringing him infamy in the colonies and increasing support for the colonial cause.  The British government gave him a commission in the British Army after his treason was uncovered.

Fought between 1754 and 1763, the French and Indian War was the North American theater of a larger conflict between European powers known as the Seven Years' War. Great Britain and France were the principal adversaries in North America, with various Native American groups siding with each European power. The final result was a resounding win for Britain, with France completely leaving the St. Lawrence River in present day Canada and ceding that territory to Britain. The War also saw the first signs of unity between the British colonies in North America, and an increased focus on colonial political issues.

The French and Indian War was part of a larger Anglo-French conflict.  The British invested more resources in North America and defeated the French in Canada by invading and conquering Montreal.  This led to the stripping of all French territory in North America.

The early part of the Revolutionary War saw mostly British victories and a distinct lack of obvious Colonial successes. In late 1777, Washington took his under trained and ill-formed Continental Army to Valley Forge for an encampment, some 20 miles from Philadelphia, still held by British troops. Over six months at Valley Forge, cold, disease, and poor morale all weakened the Army; however, Washington held firm, used the Prussian Officer Baron von Steuben train his soldiers, and allowed the Continental Congress to officially agree on an alliance with France.

Therefore the winter at Valley Forge strengthened the Continental Army into a force that could win the Revolution.